{"id":23,"date":"2026-08-15T16:03:30","date_gmt":"2026-08-15T08:03:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/?p=23"},"modified":"2026-08-20T03:43:34","modified_gmt":"2026-08-19T19:43:34","slug":"%e9%9b%86%e4%bd%93%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%e7%9a%84%e8%b0%b1%e7%b3%bb%e5%ad%a6%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%8e%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%e8%bf%90%e5%8a%a8%e3%80%81%e4%bc%a0%e7%bb%9f%e4%b8%bb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/archives\/23","title":{"rendered":"\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\uff1a\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5230\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7ec6\u5fc3\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u6807\u9898\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u7528\u8bcd\uff1a\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\uff08intellectual history\uff09\u548c\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\uff08genealogy\uff09\u3002\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u6f84\u6e05\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u540e\u6587\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6765\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e0b\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e0e\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5f02\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u601d\u60f3\u53f2<\/strong>\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u60f3\u53ca\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5373\u90a3\u4e9b\u6784\u60f3\u3001\u63a2\u8ba8\u3001\u64b0\u5199\u5e76\u5173\u6ce8\u5404\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u2014\u2014\u4e4b\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u524d\u63d0\u662f\uff1a\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u5e76\u975e\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u6784\u60f3\u5e76\u8fd0\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u800c\u72ec\u7acb\u8fdb\u884c\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u5bb6\u4f1a\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u8003\u5bdf\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1a(i) \u4f5c\u4e3a\u53ef\u4f9b\u6279\u5224\u6027\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u547d\u9898\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca (ii) \u7ed3\u5408\u6587\u5316\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u8bed\u5883\u3002<sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66<\/strong>\u4ea6\u79f0\u7cfb\u8c31\u5b66\u3001\u5bb6\u8c31\u5b66\u3001\u5bb6\u53f2\u5b66\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u6307\u7684\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7269\u7c7b\u7fa4\u8c31\u7cfb\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u201c\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u5bdf\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u5e7f\u5ea6\u3001\u8303\u56f4\u6216\u6574\u4f53\u6027\uff0c\u5bf9\u5404\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u65e2\u5b9a\u8d77\u6e90\u63d0\u51fa\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u62d3\u5c55\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5f80\u5f80\u8bd5\u56fe\u8d85\u8d8a\u7279\u5b9a\u8bdd\u8bed\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u53bb\u63a2\u7a76\u5176\u5f97\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14\u00b7\u798f\u67ef\u7684\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5c24\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\uff09\u3002<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fe\u8868\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5f02\u540c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\uff08History of Ideas\uff09<\/strong><\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\uff08Genealogy\uff09<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u5b9a\u4e49<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u7c7b\u89c2\u5ff5\u53ca\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u751f\u6210\u3001\u4f20\u627f\u4e0e\u4e92\u52a8\u3002<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u4e00\u79cd\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8ffd\u6eaf\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u5e7f\u5ea6\u4e0e\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u8d28\u7591\u65e2\u5b9a\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u601d\u60f3\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u547d\u9898\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u4f53\u7cfb\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u63d0\u51fa\u8005\uff08\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff09\u3002<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u8bdd\u8bed\u5b9e\u8df5\u3001\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u89c2\u5ff5\u5f97\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u201c\u975e\u601d\u60f3\u201d\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u67d0\u4e2a\u89c2\u5ff5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5b83\u4ece\u4f55\u800c\u6765\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f\u3001\u6539\u9020\u6216\u6279\u5224\uff1f<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u67d0\u4e2a\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e3a\u4f55\u5728\u6b64\u65f6\u6b64\u5730\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\uff1f\u5b83\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u54ea\u4e9b\u529b\u91cf\uff1f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u5bf9\u201c\u89c2\u5ff5\u201d\u7684\u6001\u5ea6<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u89c2\u5ff5\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5bf9\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4f5c\u4e3a\u62bd\u8c61\u547d\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6743\u529b\u2014\u77e5\u8bc6\u590d\u5408\u4f53\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u5373\u662f\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u65f6\u95f4\u89c2<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u7ebf\u6027\u6216\u7f51\u72b6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u4f20\u627f\u3001\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u65ad\u88c2\u4e0e\u590d\u5174\u3002<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u3001\u975e\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5076\u7136\u3001\u65ad\u88c2\u3001\u53cd\u8f6c\u548c\u591a\u91cd\u8d77\u6e90\u3002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u8bed\u5883\u5904\u7406<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u7ed3\u5408\u6587\u5316\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u5883\uff0c\u4f46\u8bed\u5883\u5e38\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u80cc\u666f\u201d\u8f85\u52a9\u7406\u89e3\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u8bed\u5883\u4e0d\u662f\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6784\u6210\u6027\u7684\u2014\u2014\u6743\u529b\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u7b49\u5171\u540c\u751f\u4ea7\u8bdd\u8bed\u3002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u6587\u672c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u6bd4\u8f83\u3001\u5f71\u54cd\u6eaf\u6e90\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u8003\u53e4\uff08\u90e8\u5206\u91cd\u53e0\uff09\u3002<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u8003\u53e4\u5b66+\u7cfb\u8c31\u5b66\uff0c\u8003\u5bdf\u4e0b\u5c42\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u8fb9\u7f18\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3001\u5fae\u89c2\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u8ffd\u6eaf\u201c\u51fa\u8eab\u201d\uff08Herkunft\uff09\u4e0e\u201c\u51fa\u73b0\u201d\uff08Entstehung\uff09\u3002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u76ee\u6807<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u91cd\u6784\u601d\u60f3\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5185\u5728\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u5176\u4e30\u5bcc\u6027\u4e0e\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u53bb\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u3001\u53bb\u672c\u8d28\u5316\uff0c\u63ed\u9732\u88ab\u906e\u853d\u7684\u652f\u914d\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e3a\u6279\u5224\u63d0\u4f9b\u5386\u53f2\u6b66\u5668\u3002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u770b\u6cd5<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u662f\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u6784\u60f3\u8005\u3001\u8fa9\u8bba\u8005\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e3b\u89d2\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4e5f\u662f\u8bdd\u8bed\u2014\u6743\u529b\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u8282\u70b9\uff0c\u5176\u8bdd\u8bed\u672c\u8eab\u9700\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5236\u5ea6\u6761\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5ba1\u89c6\u3002<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fe\u8868\u82e5\u662f\u591a\u6709\u758f\u6f0f\u6216\u8005\u6d41\u4e8e\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u5404\u4f4d\u8bfb\u8005\u6307\u6b63\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p 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is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u5927\u4f1a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6210\u679c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u56fd\u6709\u5316\u8def\u7ebf\u7684\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u800c\u662f<strong>\u84b2\u9c81\u4e1c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7834\u4ea7<\/strong>\u3002\u84b2\u9c81\u4e1c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u79c1\u4eba\u5360\u6709\u7684\u4e92\u52a9\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u5185\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e0e\u5df4\u67af\u5b81\u51e0\u4e4e\u540c\u65f6\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002\u5728\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bae\u9898\u662f\uff1a<strong>\u571f\u5730\u6240\u6709\u6743\u95ee\u9898<\/strong>\uff08\u571f\u5730\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u516c\u6709\uff09\u3001<strong>\u79c1\u4eba\u4ea7\u6743\u5236\u5ea6<\/strong>\u662f\u5426\u4fdd\u7559\u4ee5\u53ca<strong>\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u95ee\u9898<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u571f\u5730\u6240\u6709\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u4ea7\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6c11\u4e3b\u540c\u76df\uff08\u5df4\u67af\u5b81\u6d3e\uff09\u4e0e\u603b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6d3e\uff09\u8fbe\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5927\u83b7\u5168\u80dc\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u5e9f\u9664\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u6709\u6743\u7684\u6295\u7968\uff0c54\u7968\u8d5e\u6210\uff0c4\u7968\u53cd\u5bf9\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u6258\u4f26\u548c\u820d\u9a6c\u83b1\uff09\uff0c13\u7968\u5f03\u6743\uff1b\u5173\u4e8e\u571f\u5730\u5fc5\u987b\u5f52\u96c6\u4f53\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6295\u7968\uff0c53\u7968\u8d5e\u6210\uff0c8\u7968\u53cd\u5bf9\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u6258\u4f26\u3001\u7a46\u62c9\u548c\u820d\u9a6c\u83b1\uff09\uff0c10\u7968\u5f03\u6743\u3002<sup>16<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u84b2\u9c81\u4e1c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5c0f\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u79c1\u4eba\u5360\u6709\u7684\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u652f\u6301\u516c\u6709\u5236\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u81ea\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u8005\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u65f6\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u516c\u6709\u5316\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6682\u65f6\u88ab\u6401\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5df4\u67af\u5b81\u6d3e\u4e0e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6d3e\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u4f9d\u65e7\u5c16\u9510\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5f15\u8d77\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5bf9\u5df4\u67af\u5b81\u7684\u731c\u7591\u3002<sup>17<\/sup>\uff1a\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u4f7f\u91cc\u590f\u5c14\u4e0e\u57c3\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u5965\u5e03\u91cc\u5bf9\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\u5bf9\u5965\u5e03\u91cc\u800c\u8a00\uff0c<strong>\u5e9f\u9664\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u5e9f\u9664\u5bb6\u5ead<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u63d0\u6848\uff1a\u7531\u5df4\u67af\u5b81\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5f20\u5b8c\u5168\u5e9f\u9664\u201d\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u201c\uff0c\u5176\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e0\u8bba\u600e\u6837\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u79cd<strong>\u7279\u6743<\/strong>\uff0c\u5176\u4f7f\u5f97\u8d22\u5bcc\u5411\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u6027\u59cb\u7ec8\u5a01\u80c1\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca<sup>16<\/sup>\uff1b\u603b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5219\u4e3b\u5f20\u201d\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u4e0d\u662f\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5176<strong>\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ed3\u679c<\/strong>\u201c\uff0c\u5c06\u5e9f\u9664\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0a\u662f\u53cd\u52a8\u7684\uff0c\u603b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201d\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u7684\u6d88\u4ea1\u5c06\u662f\u5e9f\u9664\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u6599\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u9020\u7684<strong>\u81ea\u7136\u7ed3\u679c<\/strong>\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5e9f\u9664\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\uff08\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6fc0\u8fdb\uff09\u51b3\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u9020\u7684<strong>\u8d77\u70b9<\/strong>\u3002\u201c<sup>18<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u572868\u540d\u6295\u7968\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u5df4\u67af\u5b81\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u63d0\u6848\u83b7\u5f97 32\u7968\u8d5e\u6210\uff0c23\u7968\u53cd\u5bf9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6258\u4f26\u3001\u820d\u9a6c\u83b1\u2026\u2026\u4f46\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u57c3\u5361\u7559\u65af\u3001\u8363\u683c\uff09\uff0c13\u7968\u5f03\u6743\uff1b\u800c\u603b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff08\u6e29\u548c\u65b9\u6848\uff09\uff1a\u572862\u540d\u6295\u7968\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c19\u7968\u8d5e\u6210\uff0c37\u7968\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c6\u7968\u5f03\u6743\u3002<sup>16<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u65e9\u57281868\u5e749\u6708\u7684\u201c\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u540c\u76df\u201d\uff08Ligue de la paix et de la libert\u00e9\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a<sup>19<\/sup>\u4e0a\uff0c\u5df4\u67af\u5b81\u4fbf\u660e\u786e\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e00\u8868\u8ff0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p 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Dicey\uff09\u5728\u5176\u7ecf\u5178\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u516c\u5171\u8206\u8bba\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff1a19\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u8206\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\u6240\u63ed\u793a\u7684\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\u82f1\u56fd\u7acb\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u5411\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8f6c\u5411\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u573a\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u8206\u8bba\u7684\u7f13\u6162\u53d8\u8fc1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1 \u6234\u96ea\u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6234\u96ea\u5c0619\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u7acb\u6cd5\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u76f8\u7ee7\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff1a<strong>\u65e7\u6258\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u7acb\u6cd5\u505c\u6ede\u65f6\u671f\uff081800\u20141830\uff09<\/strong> 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6234\u96ea\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fb9\u6c81\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u4ee4\u4ed6\u6df1\u611f\u5fe7\u8651\u3002\u4ed6\u57281914\u5e74\u7248\u7684\u5bfc\u8bba\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65e0\u611f\u6168\u5730\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u2026\u2026\u5df2\u7ecf\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u6614\u65e5\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u300a\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u6cd5\u300b\uff081908\uff09\u3001\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4fdd\u9669\u6cd5\u300b\uff081911\uff09\u7b49\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u65e0\u4e0d\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<sup>26<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.2 \u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff1a\u6258\u5229\u535a\u7231\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5de5\u5382\u8fd0\u52a8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u82f1\u56fd\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u6709\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u6e90\u5934\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u975e\u6765\u81ea\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6216\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6d3e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6765\u81ea<strong>\u6258\u5229\u515a\u4eba<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u5373\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5149\u8c31\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4fdd\u5b88\u9635\u8425\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u6234\u96ea\u5c06\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a <strong>\u201c\u6258\u5229\u535a\u7231\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff08Tory philanthropy\uff09<\/strong> \u3002<sup>27<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u7acb\u6cd5\u2014\u20141802\u5e74\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u536b\u751f\u6cd5\u300b\u2014\u2014\u4fbf\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4f4d\u6258\u5229\u515a\u4eba\u3001\u5de5\u5382\u4e3b\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u76ae\u5c14\u7235\u58eb\uff08Sir Robert Peel\uff09\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0b\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u8d77\u56e0\u5e76\u975e\u67d0\u79cd\u5b8f\u5927\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u68c9\u7eba\u5382\u4e2d\u4e00\u573a\u56e0\u6076\u52a3\u536b\u751f\u6761\u4ef6\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u75ab\u75c5\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u5b66\u5f92\u5de5\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u5de5\u5382\u623f\u95f4\u7684\u6e05\u6d17\u6d88\u6bd2\u3001\u5b66\u5f92\u5de5\u7684\u670d\u88c5\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u957f\uff08\u6bcf\u5929\u4e0d\u5f97\u8d85\u8fc712\u5c0f\u65f6\uff09\u3001\u7537\u5973\u5bbf\u820d\u5206\u79bb\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u80b2\u7b49\u4e8b\u9879\u3002<sup>28<\/sup> 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Shaftesbury\uff09\u7b49\u6258\u5229\u515a\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u65e8\u5728\u4fdd\u62a4\u5987\u5973\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7acb\u6cd5\u5e76\u975e\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u4fe1\u5949\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u6734\u7d20\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u4fdd\u62a4\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u65e0\u529b\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.3 \u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6269\u5c55<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5bf9\u5951\u7ea6\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/strong> \u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u4ee3\u5c06\u5951\u7ea6\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u5219\u5c06\u5951\u7ea6\u89c6\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5265\u524a\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u3002\u4ece1908\u5e74\u300a\u7164\u77ff\u89c4\u5236\u6cd5\u300b\u7981\u6b62\u77ff\u5de5\u6bcf\u65e5\u5de5\u4f5c\u8d85\u8fc78\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u52301909\u5e74\u300a\u8d38\u6613\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6cd5\u300b\u6388\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u884c\u4e1a\u8bbe\u5b9a\u6700\u4f4e\u5de5\u8d44\uff0c\u5951\u7ea6\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u539f\u5219\u88ab\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e72\u9884\u6240\u8986\u76d6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u504f\u7231\u3002<\/strong> 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u53ca\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5c31\u5f88\u96be\u89c4\u907f\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u603b\u662f\u81ea\u6210\u4e00\u4f53\uff1a\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u5373\u4f7f\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u65e0\u529f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u8ba9\u4eba\u79f0\u5fc3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u66f4\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a\u5c06\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f53\u6210\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u522b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u5173\u8054\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5728\u4e0e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8303\u7574\u7684\u5173\u8054\u4e2d\u53bb\u628a\u63e1\u5b83\u3002\u8fd9\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u4ecb\u7ecd\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8303\u7574\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u52a8\u673a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1 \u5177\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u548c\u81ea\u56e0\uff08Causa sui ipsius\uff09<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u53ca\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u662f\u5728\u6307\u6d89\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5149\u53ea\u662f\u8c08\u53ca\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u65e0\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u5230\u5e95\u4f55\u8c13\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u6216\u8005\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8fd9\u4e48\u7406\u89e3\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u82f1\u8bed\uff1aliberalism\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u601d\u60f3\u6d41\u6d3e\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u3002<sup>39<\/sup>\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u540c\u65f6\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89c4\u8303\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u884c\u9a76\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u635f\u5bb3\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u601d\u60f3\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u7edf\u79f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5171\u6027\u662f\u4ee5\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5207\u89c4\u8303\u547d\u9898\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u3002\u800c\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e3b\u4f53\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u6240<strong>\u5360\u6709\u5e76\u4e14\u652f\u914d<\/strong>\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u9884\u8bbe\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a\uff1a<strong>\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u81ea\u8eab\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u3001\u5177\u6709\u8089\u8eab\u7684\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u591f\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a<strong>\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5f52\u5c5e\u8005<\/strong>\uff08agent\uff09\uff1a\u4ed6\u7684\u610f\u5fd7<strong>\u5c5e\u4e8e<\/strong>\u4ed6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4ed6\uff0c\u4ed6<strong>\u5e94\u5f53<\/strong>\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u627f\u62c5\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f<strong>\u6709\u6743\u8981\u6c42<\/strong>\uff08claim\uff09<sup>40<\/sup>\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e0d\u5f97\u4efb\u610f\u5e72\u6d89\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u6240\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u542b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u6db5\u662f\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u94fe\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u5224\u65ad\u67d0\u4e2a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u8fa9\u62a4\u6027\u7684<strong>\u5173\u952e\u53d8\u91cf<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u52a8\u56e0\u679c\u94fe\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u662f\u81ea\u56e0\uff08Causa sui ipsius\uff09<sup>41<\/sup>\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u201d\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684 <em>causa sui<\/em> \u662f\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u6b32\u671b\u540c\u6837\u5904\u4e8e\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.2 \u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\uff1a\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u9886\u57df<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea\u56e0\uff08Causa sui ipsius\uff09\u53cd\u800c\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u662f\u6784\u6210\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u8fa9\u62a4\u5f80\u5f80\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u6743\u7ed3\u6784\uff08ownership structure\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u8fdb\u5165\u5230\u5ba2\u89c2\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u5316\uff0c\u5219\u5f80\u5f80\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743\u7ed3\u6784\uff08ownership structure\uff09\u3002\u6240\u6709\u6743\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4f53\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u5176\u5360\u6709\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u5904\u5206\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4f7f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u83b7\u5f97\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u652f\u914d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6b63\u5982\u540c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u5728\u300a\u6cd5\u54f2\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\u4e2d\u6240\u8a00\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5218\u7433\u7433\u3001\u6731\u5ef7\u52ad\u3001\u4efb\u5b5d\u9e4f\uff082020\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u4ee51949\u81f32010\u5e74\u95f4\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u5168\u6587\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd\u6c47\u7684\u8bcd\u9891\u53d8\u5316\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u8003\u5bdf\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u4ee3\u9645\u53d8\u8fc1\uff0c\u5e76\u68c0\u9a8c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\uff08\u4eba\u5747GDP\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u7387\u3001\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5165\u5b66\u7387\uff09\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<sup>60<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.2.1 \u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u9009\u53d6\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u6307\u6807\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u4eba\u79f0\u4ee3\u8bcd\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u9891\u7387\uff0c\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u5355\u6570\u201c\u6211\u201d\u4ee3\u8868\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d6\u5411\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u590d\u6570\u201c\u6211\u4eec+\u54b1\u4eec\u201d\u4ee3\u8868\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d6\u5411\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u9009\u62e9\u201d\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u201c\u83b7\u5f97\u201d\u201c\u79c1\u4eba\u201d\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u201c\u81ea\u4e3b\u201d\u201c\u5929\u8d4b\u201d\u201c\u6539\u9769\u201d\u201c\u521b\u65b0\u201d\u201c\u516c\u5e73\u201d\u7b49\uff1b\u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u8d23\u4efb\u201d\u201c\u4e49\u52a1\u201d\u201c\u5206\u914d\u201d\u201c\u4ed8\u51fa\u201d\u201c\u7ed9\u4e88\u201d\u201c\u516c\u5bb6\u201d\u201c\u5171\u540c\u201d\u201c\u670d\u4ece\u201d\u201c\u9075\u5b88\u201d\u201c\u52aa\u529b\u201d\u201c\u652f\u63f4\u201d\u201c\u727a\u7272\u201d\u201c\u5949\u732e\u201d\u7b49\u3002 \u4e3a\u63a7\u5236\u62a5\u7eb8\u603b\u5b57\u6570\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8bcd\u9891\u5747\u4ee5\u8be5\u8bcd\u51fa\u73b0\u6b21\u6570\u5360\u5f53\u5e74\u603b\u5b57\u6570\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u4ee3\u9645\u5212\u5206\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u6309\u91cd\u5927\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5212\u5206\uff08\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5efa\u8bbe\u671f1950-1965\u3001\u6587\u9769\u671f1966-1977\u3001\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u671f1978-1991\u3001\u5168\u7403\u5316\u671f1992-2010\uff09\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u6309\u6bcf\u5341\u5e74\u4e00\u4ee3\u5212\u5206\uff081950s\u81f32000s\uff09\uff1b\u4e09\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u6309\u5e74\u4efd\u9010\u5e74\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bbe\u4ee3\u9645\u8fb9\u754c\u3002\u4e09\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u4f7f\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u4ea4\u53c9\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.2.2 \u6838\u5fc3\u53d1\u73b0<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u6574\u4f53\u4e0b\u964d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e09\u79cd\u4ee3\u9645\u5212\u5206\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u57fa\u672c\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bcd\u6c47\u603b\u8bcd\u9891\u5448\u5148\u4e0b\u964d\u540e\u4e0a\u5347\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u57281980\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\u52a0\u901f\u589e\u957f\uff1b\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bcd\u6c47\u603b\u8bcd\u9891\u5219\u5448\u5148\u4e0a\u5347\u540e\u4e0b\u964d\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c1983\u5e74\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u6b64\u524d\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bcd\u9891\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bcd\u9891\u53cd\u8d85\u5e76\u6301\u7eed\u6269\u5927\u5dee\u8ddd\u3002 \u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5e74\u4efd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d1f\u5411\u9884\u6d4b\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bcd\u6c47\u603b\u8bcd\u9891\uff08\u03b2 = -0.75\uff0cP &lt; 0.001\uff09\uff0c\u6b63\u5411\u9884\u6d4b\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bcd\u6c47\u603b\u8bcd\u9891\uff08\u03b2 = 0.59\uff0cP &lt; 0.001\uff09\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u89e3\u91ca\u4e8657%\u548c33%\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u91cf\u3002] \u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0e\u57fa\u4e8e\u8c37\u6b4c\u56fe\u4e66\u4e2d\u6587\u4e66\u7c4d\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u57fa\u672c\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4f46\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u4e2d\u8d8b\u52bf\u8f6c\u6298\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u7565\u65e9\u4e8e\u4e66\u7c4d\u6570\u636e\uff08\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bcd\u9891\u57281980\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u5373\u8d85\u8fc7\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u4e66\u7c4d\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6c\u6298\u51fa\u73b0\u57281990\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff09\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u5b98\u65b9\u5a92\u4f53\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5f15\u5bfc\u4e0a\u7684\u524d\u77bb\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u201d\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201c\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d1\u73b0\u5bf9\u7406\u89e3\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u5c24\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u63ed\u793a\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u8d28\u7684\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u4e0d\u540c\u9762\u5411\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u622a\u7136\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u8d8b\u52bf\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\u662f<strong>\u8870\u9000\u4e2d\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong>\u3002\u4e0e\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\u548c\u5c42\u7ea7\u670d\u4ece\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8bcd\u9891\u663e\u8457\u4e0b\u964d\uff1a\u201c\u5206\u914d+\u5206\u6d3e\u201d\uff08\u03b2 = -0.36\uff0cP &lt; 0.05\uff09\u3001\u201c\u670d\u4ece+\u9075\u5b88\u201d\uff08\u03b2 = -0.39\uff0cP &lt; 0.01\uff09\u3001\u201c\u652f\u63f4+\u5e2e\u52a9\u201d\uff08\u5448\u6301\u7eed\u4e0b\u964d\u8d8b\u52bf\uff09\u7b49\u8bcd\u6c47\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u9891\u7387\u968f\u5e74\u4efd\u589e\u957f\u800c\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<sup>64<\/sup> \u8fd9\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e0e\u201c\u547d\u4ee4\u2014\u670d\u4ece\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u518d\u5206\u914d\u4f53\u5236\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u6b63\u5728\u5f31\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\u662f<strong>\u589e\u5f3a\u4e2d\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong>\u3002\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u516c\u5171\u5949\u732e\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8bcd\u9891\u53cd\u800c\u5448\u4e0a\u5347\u8d8b\u52bf\uff1a\u201c\u4e49\u52a1+\u8d23\u4efb\u201d\uff08\u03b2 = 0.84\uff0cP &lt; 0.001\uff09\u3001\u201c\u4ed8\u51fa+\u7ed9\u4e88\u201d\uff08\u03b2 = 0.70\uff0cP &lt; 0.001\uff09\u3001\u201c\u516c\u5bb6+\u5171\u540c\u201d\uff08\u03b2 = 0.58\uff0cP &lt; 0.001\uff09\u3001\u201c\u727a\u7272+\u5949\u732e\u201d\uff08\u03b2 = 0.42\uff0cP &lt; 0.001\uff09\u7b49\u8bcd\u6c47\u5747\u968f\u5e74\u4efd\u663e\u8457\u589e\u957f\u3002 \u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u90fd\u5728\u8870\u9000\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u201c\u8d23\u4efb\u4f26\u7406\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5949\u732e\u7cbe\u795e\u201d\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u9762\u5411\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u5728\u5b98\u65b9\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e2d\u88ab\u6301\u7eed\u5f3a\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5bf9\u6b64\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\uff1a\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u515a\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5589\u820c\uff0c\u5728\u9f13\u52b1\u4eba\u4eec\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2a\u4eba\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ecd\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u5728\u8206\u8bba\u4e0a\u5021\u5bfc\u76f8\u4e92\u5e2e\u52a9\u3001\u56e2\u7ed3\u594b\u6597\u3001\u5949\u732e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3002 \u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u662f\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5bf9\u201c\u670d\u4ece\u201d\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4f46\u4fdd\u7559\u5e76\u5f3a\u5316\u4e86\u201c\u8d23\u4efb\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u5949\u732e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.2.3 \u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8003\u5bdf\u4e861975\u81f32010\u5e74\u95f4\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u6307\u6807\uff08\u4eba\u5747GDP\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u7387\u3001\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5165\u5b66\u7387\u5408\u6210\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6307\u6807\uff09\u4e0e\u8bcd\u6c47\u8bcd\u9891\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bcd\u6c47\u603b\u8bcd\u9891\u5448\u6b63\u76f8\u5173\uff08r = 0.42\uff0cP &lt; 0.05\uff09\uff0c\u4e0e\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bcd\u6c47\u603b\u8bcd\u9891\u5448\u8d1f\u76f8\u5173\uff08r = -0.43\uff0cP &lt; 0.05\uff09\u3002\u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u522b\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bcd\u6c47\u603b\u8bcd\u989117%\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bcd\u6c47\u603b\u8bcd\u989119%\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f46\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u4f4e\u4e8eSantos\u7b49\u4eba\u5bf9\u5168\u740370\u591a\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u768435%-58%\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u53d8\u8fc1\u9664\u4e86\u53d7\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u9a71\u52a8\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u53d7\u5230\u5b98\u65b9\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5f15\u5bfc\u3001\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u5ef6\u7eed\u3001\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u53d1\u75c5\u7387\u3001\u8015\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.2.4 \u5bf9\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u542f\u793a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u7406\u89e3\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u8bdd\u8bed\u5177\u6709\u4e09\u91cd\u542f\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u786e\u8ba4\u4e86\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u51ed\u7406\u8bba\u63a8\u6f14\u3002<\/strong> 1949\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u786e\u5b9e\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0a\u5347\u3001\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0b\u964d\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u8d8b\u52bf\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5c42\u9762\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u3002<\/strong> \u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u662f\u94c1\u677f\u4e00\u5757\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0e\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u201c\u670d\u4ece\u578b\u201d\u9762\u5411\u5728\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u5b98\u65b9\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\u201c\u8d23\u4efb\u2014\u5949\u732e\u578b\u201d\u9762\u5411\u5374\u5728\u589e\u5f3a\u3002\u8fd9\u6070\u597d\u56de\u5e94\u4e86\u672c\u6587\u5f00\u7bc7\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e3a\u4f55\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u603b\u662f\u8bed\u7109\u4e0d\u8be6\uff1f\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6c47\u65f6\uff0c\u6240\u6307\u6d89\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u751a\u81f3\u65b9\u5411\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5b98\u65b9\u8bdd\u8bed\u5982\u4f55\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u5efa\u6784\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e\u3002<\/strong> \u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u515a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8206\u8bba\u9635\u5730\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bcd\u6c47\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u7b56\u7565\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u903b\u8f91\uff1a\u653e\u5f03\u65e0\u6cd5\u9002\u5e94\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u65e7\u5f0f\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bdd\u8bed\uff08\u5982\u201c\u670d\u4ece\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6fc0\u6d3b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e76\u5b58\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bdd\u8bed\uff08\u5982\u201c\u8d23\u4efb\u201d\u201c\u5949\u732e\u201d\u201c\u516c\u5bb6\u201d\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d1\u73b0\u4e3a\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\u7b2c\u4e00\u8282\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5b98\u65b9\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u91cf\u5316\u652f\u6491\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.3 \u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u524d\u6587\u5df2\u7ecf\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u540e\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u8457\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a\u5b83\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u6599\u6240\u6709\u5236\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6307\u5bfc\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e0e\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u76f8\u5951\u5408\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u8d44\u6e90\u2014\u2014\u201c\u516c\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3001\u201c\u5bb6\u56fd\u540c\u6784\u201d\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001\u4e49\u52a1\u672c\u4f4d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u53d6\u5411\u7b49\uff0c\u4e3a\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u843d\u5730\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u672c\u571f\u5316\u7684\u6587\u5316\u571f\u58e4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u672c\u8eab\u9700\u8981\u63a5\u53d7\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5ba1\u89c6\u3002\u672c\u8282\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e3a\u5ba1\u614e\u7684\u547d\u9898\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u7ed3\u5408\u201d\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bdd\u8bed\u6027\u7684\u8bef\u8ba4\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5e76\u975e\u4e24\u79cd\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u76f8\u9047\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u501f\u52a9\u4f20\u7edf\u4f26\u7406\u8bed\u6c47\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8868\u8fbe\u3002 \u4f20\u7edf\u4f26\u7406\u8d44\u6e90\u53ef\u4f9b\u63a5\u69ab\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u4e49\u52a1\u672c\u4f4d\u201d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.3.1 \u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u95e8\u69db<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u660e\u786e\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8fb9\u754c\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u672c\u6587\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u6240\u754c\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u89c4\u8303\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u5c06\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5207\u89c4\u8303\u547d\u9898\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u6700\u7ec8\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u96c6\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u5f97\u5230\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u754c\u5b9a\u5305\u542b\u51e0\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u8981\u7d20\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u88ab\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5373\u6709\u660e\u786e\u8fb9\u754c\u3001\u53ef\u4e0e\u975e\u6210\u5458\u533a\u5206\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u5b9e\u4f53\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u4f18\u5148\u4e8e\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u5730\u4f4d\uff1b\u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f18\u5148\u6027\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u89c9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e2d\u56fd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u96c6\u56e2\u751f\u6d3b\u201d\u548c\u201c\u56e2\u4f53\u751f\u6d3b\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u4f53\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u5982\u8d39\u5b5d\u901a\u5728\u300a\u4e61\u571f\u4e2d\u56fd\u300b\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u683c\u5c40\u662f\u201c\u5dee\u5e8f\u683c\u5c40\u201d\u800c\u975e\u201c\u56e2\u4f53\u683c\u5c40\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e2\u4f53\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u754c\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u8c01\u662f\u56e2\u4f53\u91cc\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8c01\u662f\u56e2\u4f53\u5916\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6a21\u7cca\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f97<strong>\u5206\u6e05\u695a<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u56e2\u4f53\u91cc\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u4f19\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f<strong>\u76f8\u540c\u7684<\/strong>\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u540c\u4e00\u56e2\u4f53\u4e2d\u6709\u7ec4\u522b\u6216\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u5206\u522b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u662f<strong>\u4e8b\u5148\u89c4\u5b9a<\/strong>\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u5dee\u5e8f\u683c\u5c40\u201d\u4f9d\u6258\u4e8e\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u201c\u7fa4\u5df1\u201d\u754c\u9650\u7684\u5212\u6cd5\uff0c\u4eb2\u5c5e\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u5730\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u5982\u8857\u574a\uff09\u5747\u5448\u73b0\u4f38\u7f29\u6027\uff0c\u8303\u56f4\u968f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u52bf\u529b\u5f3a\u5f31\u800c\u53d8\u5316\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8d39\u5b5d\u901a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u56e2\u4f53\u91cc\u7684\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u8d44\u683c\u3002\u8d44\u683c\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u5c31\u5f97\u8d70\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e2\u4f53\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u60c5\u51b7\u70ed\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f<strong>\u6743\u5229\u95ee\u9898<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u897f\u6d0b\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\u4e89\u7684\u662f\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5374\u662f<strong>\u6500\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong>\u3001<strong>\u8bb2\u4ea4\u60c5<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6b63\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u5c31\u7f3a\u4e4f\u660e\u786e\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u516c\u5171\u4e49\u52a1\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e49\u52a1\u5219\u4e3b\u8981\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u201c\u4f26\u7406\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u539a\u8584\u201d\u3002\u4f26\u7406\u5728\u4e8e\u5730\u4f4d\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u4f4d\u8eab\u4efd\u6240\u8574\u542b\u7740\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u529b\u91cf\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u8d39\u5b5d\u901a\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u662f\u8fd9\u4e48\u4ecb\u7ecd\u201c\u4f26\u7406\u201d\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u6587\u6700\u540e\u8fd8\u5bf9\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u4e5f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\u5f53\u7136\u5177\u6709\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u201c\u516c\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bb6\u56fd\u4f26\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u4f26\u7406\u6240\u5904\u7406\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u6709\u5dee\u7b49\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5173\u7cfb\u4e49\u52a1\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u53ca\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u800c\u73b0\u4ee3\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u5219\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u660e\u786e\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u4e2a\u4eba\u4ee5\u96c6\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u627f\u62c5\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65ad\u88c2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u591f\u5927\u91cf\u501f\u7528\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u201c\u516c\u201d\u201c\u4e49\u52a1\u201d\u201c\u5949\u732e\u201d\u7b49\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8bed\u6c47\u83b7\u5f97\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u65e7\u8bcd\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u628a\u539f\u6765\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e0b\u6765\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u88ab<strong>\u91cd\u65b0\u7f16\u7801<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8fd9\u6216\u8bb8\u4e5f\u662f\u201c\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u201d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u5e76\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u9690\u85cf\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u6df1\u5904\u3001\u7b49\u5f85\u88ab\u6062\u590d\u7684\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u591f\u6210\u4e3a\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u3001\u632a\u7528\u3001\u8f6c\u8bd1\u3001\u91cd\u6784\u548c\u9057\u5fd8\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53e0\u52a0\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u8bed\u8a00\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e5\u5e38\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5171\u4eab\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u5374\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5728\u8c08\u8bba\u540c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6ce8\u91ca<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>1<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1 intellectual history \u8bcd\u6761\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intellectual_history\">Intellectual history &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>2<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1 Genealogy \u8bcd\u6761\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genealogy_(philosophy)\">Genealogy (philosophy) &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>3<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u970d\u592b\u65af\u6cf0\u5fb7\u6587\u5316\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7406\u8bba\uff08\u82f1\u8bed\uff1aHofstede\u2018s cultural dimensions theory\uff09\u662f\u7531\u8377\u5170\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5409\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u970d\u592b\u65af\u6cf0\u5fb7\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u901a\u8fc7\u56e0\u5b50\u5206\u6790\u6784\u5efa\u5176\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63ed\u793a\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u5bf9\u6210\u5458\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u9610\u660e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u8054\u3002\u970d\u592b\u65af\u6cf0\u5fb7\u6700\u521d\u5229\u7528\u56e0\u5b50\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\uff0c\u5bf9IBM\u516c\u53f8\u57281967\u5e74\u81f31973\u5e74\u95f4\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5458\u5de5\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u8c03\u67e5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e76\u636e\u6b64\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u6700\u521d\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u540e\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f97\u5230\u5b8c\u5584\u4e0e\u6269\u5145\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u7814\u7a76\u4fc3\u4f7f\u970d\u592b\u65af\u6cf0\u5fb7\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e94\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u2014\u2014\u957f\u671f\u5bfc\u5411\u4e0e\u77ed\u671f\u5bfc\u5411\uff0c\u4ee5\u6db5\u76d6\u539f\u8303\u5f0f\u4e2d\u672a\u89e6\u53ca\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\uff1b2010\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6269\u5145\u4e86\u7b2c\u516d\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u5373\u653e\u7eb5\u4e0e\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u622a\u81f3\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u5305\u542b\u516d\u4e2a\u8861\u91cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6307\u6807\uff1a\u6743\u529b\u8ddd\u79bb\uff08PDI\uff09\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08IDV\uff09\u3001\u7537\u6027\u6c14\u8d28\u4e0e\u5973\u6027\u6c14\u8d28\uff08MAS\uff09\u3001\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u89c4\u907f\uff08UAI\uff09\u3001\u957f\u671f\u4e0e\u77ed\u671f\u5bfc\u5411\uff08LTO\uff09\u3001\u653e\u7eb5\u4e0e\u7ea6\u675f\uff08IVR\uff09\u2014\u2014\u4e0a\u8ff0\u516d\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4ece\u6df1\u5c42\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u5728\u6743\u5a01\u8ba4\u540c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u6210\u5c31\u53d6\u5411\u3001\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5bb9\u5fcd\u5ea6\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u53d6\u5411\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u6211\u7ea6\u675f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%BB%B4%E5%BA%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA\">\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd\u6761<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>4<\/strong>] &nbsp;Havaldar, Shreya; Giorgi, Salvatore; Rai, Sunny; Talhelm, Thomas; Guntuku, Sharath Chandra; Ungar, Lyle (June 2024). \u201cBuilding Knowledge-Guided Lexica to Model Cultural Variation\u201d. In Duh, Kevin; Gomez, Helena; Bethard, Steven (eds.). <em>Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers)<\/em>. Mexico City, Mexico: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 211\u2013226. doi:10.18653\/v1\/2024.naacl-long.12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>5<\/strong>] &nbsp;Oyserman, Daphna; Lee, Spike W. S. (2008). \u201cDoes Culture Influence What and How We Think? Effects of Priming Individualism and Collectivism\u201d. <em>Psychological Bulletin<\/em>. <strong>134<\/strong> (2): 311\u2013342. doi:10.1037\/0033-2909.134.2.311. PMID 18298274.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>6<\/strong>] &nbsp;Brewer, Marylynn (2007). \u201cWhere (who) are collectives in collectivism? Toward conceptual clarification of individualism and collectivism\u201d. <em>Psychological Review<\/em>. <strong>114<\/strong> (1): 133\u2013151. doi:10.1037\/0033-295X.114.1.133. PMID 17271844.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>7<\/strong>] &nbsp;Chen, Chao (2023). \u201cIndividualism-Collectivism: A Review of Conceptualization and Measurement\u201d. <em>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management<\/em>. doi:10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190224851.013.350. ISBN 978-0-19-022485-1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>8<\/strong>] &nbsp;Wu, Kaidi; Talhelm, Thomas (20 April 2023). \u201cHide a Dagger Behind a Smile: A Review of How Collectivistic Cultures Compete More Than Individualistic Cultures\u201d. In Garcia, Stephen M.; Tor, Avishalom; Elliot, Andrew J. (eds.), <em>The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Competition<\/em> (1 ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 611\u2013642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>9<\/strong>] &nbsp;R\u00f3\u017cycka-Tran, Joanna; Boski, Pawe\u0142; Wojciszke, Bogdan (May 2015). \u201cBelief in a Zero-Sum Game as a Social Axiom: A 37-Nation Study\u201d. <em>Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology<\/em>. <strong>46<\/strong> (4): 525\u2013548. doi:10.1177\/0022022115572226.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>10<\/strong>] &nbsp;Liu, Shi S.; Morris, Michael W.; Talhelm, Thomas; Yang, Qian (16 July 2019). \u201cIngroup vigilance in collectivist cultures\u201d. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em>. <strong>116<\/strong> (29): 14538\u201314546. doi:10.1073\/pnas.1817588116. PMC 6642384. PMID 31249140.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>11<\/strong>] &nbsp;Adams, Glenn (2005). \u201cThe Cultural Grounding of Personal Relationship: Enemyship in North American and West African Worlds\u201d. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>. <strong>88<\/strong> (6): 948\u2013968. doi:10.1037\/0022-3514.88.6.948.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>12<\/strong>] &nbsp;Thomson, Robert; Yuki, Masaki; Talhelm, Thomas; Schug, Joanna; Kito, Mie; Ayanian, Arin H.; Becker, Julia C.; Becker, Maja; Chiu, Chi-yue; Choi, Hoon-Seok; Ferreira, Carolina M.; F\u00fcl\u00f6p, Marta; Gul, Pelin; Houghton-Illera, Ana Maria; Joasoo, Mihkel (17 July 2018). \u201cRelational mobility predicts social behaviors in 39 countries and is tied to historical farming and threat\u201d. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em>. <strong>115<\/strong> (29): 7521\u20137526. doi:10.1073\/pnas.1713191115. hdl:10171\/69436.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>13<\/strong>] &nbsp;Vandello, Joseph A.; Cohen, Dov (August 1999). \u201cPatterns of individualism and collectivism across the United States\u201d. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>. <strong>77<\/strong> (2): 279\u2013292. doi:10.1037\/0022-3514.77.2.279.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>14<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u4e2d\u6587\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/stalin\/mia-chinese-stalin-19340723.htm\">\u65af\u5927\u6797\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u4f5c\u5bb6\u8d6b\u00b7\u4e54\u00b7\u5a01\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u8c08\u8bdd\uff081934\u5e747\u670823\u65e5\uff09<\/a>\u3002\u4fc4\u8bed\u539f\u6587\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikisource.org\/wiki\/\u0412\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c_\u043c\u0438\u0440_\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438_\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e_\u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430_(\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d%2C_\u0423\u044d\u043b\u043b\u0441)\">\u0412\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 (\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d, \u0423\u044d\u043b\u043b\u0441) \u2014 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>15<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/marx\/01.htm\">\u9a6c\u514b\u601d \u6069\u683c\u65af\uff1a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5ba3\u8a00\uff081848\u5e74\uff09<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>16<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/purh\/8293?lang=en\">Le Mouvement ouvrier dans la r\u00e9gion de Rouen 1851-1876. Tome 1 &#8211; Chapitre IV. Le congr\u00e8s de B\u00e2le et les gr\u00e8ves de 1869 &#8211; Presses universitaires de Rouen et du Havre<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>17<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5bdf\u89c9\u5230\u4e86\u5df4\u67af\u5b81\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u5df4\u67af\u5b81\u5728\u4f2f\u5c14\u5c3c\u548c\u5e73\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\u6240\u5ba3\u5e03\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec<strong>\u5f7b\u5e95\u5e9f\u9664\u7ee7\u627f\u6743<\/strong>\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u4e16\u4eba\u5c31\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\uff1a\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5df4\u67af\u5b81\u5012\u5411\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u5de5\u4eba\u534f\u4f1a<strong>\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u5012\u5411\u4e86\u5df4\u67af\u5b81<\/strong>\uff1b\u800c\u4f26\u6566\u603b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e00\u5411\u53cd\u5bf9\u201c\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5723\u897f\u95e8\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9648\u5e74\u65e7\u7269<strong>\u91cd\u65b0\u6316\u51fa\u6765<\/strong>\u201d\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u8fd9\u79cd\u7acb\u573a\u5df2\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8ba9\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u603b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u603b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5c06\u8fc1\u5f80\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u3002\u5728\u4f26\u6566\uff0c1869\u5e747\u670820\u65e5\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u66fe\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ee5\u5e9f\u9664\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1<strong>\u58f0\u52bf\u6d69\u5927\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u548c\u53cd\u52a8<\/strong>\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u5df2\u7ecf\u62e5\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u53bb\u5e9f\u9664\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u76f4\u63a5\u8fdb\u884c<strong>\u5265\u593a\uff08expropriation\uff09<\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u52a0\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u6548\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5e9f\u9664\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f53\u5728\u9769\u547d\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u5f53\u7b49\u5230\u9769\u547d\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\u518d\u884c\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>18<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/marx-engels\/16\/062.htm\">\u9a6c\u6069\u5168\u96c6\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u5377\u2014\u2014\u603b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5173\u4e8e\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u7684\u62a5\u544a<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>19<\/strong>] &nbsp;<strong>\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u540c\u76df\uff08Ligue de la paix et de la libert\u00e9\uff09<\/strong>\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u9645\u548c\u5e73\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u8054\u76df\uff08\u6cd5\u8bed\uff1aLigue Internationale de la Paix et de la Liberte\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u5efa\u7acb\u6b27\u6d32\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u6765\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u8be5\u8054\u76df\u7531\u6cd5\u56fd\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\u5728\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u5371\u673a\u540e\u521b\u7acb\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u6d3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u4eba\u58eb\u56e2\u7ed3\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6743\u529b\u4e0b\u653e\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u7684\u7eb2\u9886\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u5728\u8054\u76df\u4e8e\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u9769\u547d\u5bb6\u6731\u585e\u4f69\u00b7\u52a0\u91cc\u6ce2\u7b2c\u548c\u4fc4\u56fd\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7c73\u54c8\u4f0a\u5c14\u00b7\u5df4\u67af\u5b81\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u6b27\u6d32\u8054\u90a6\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u56fd\u9645\u6b63\u4e49\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\uff1b\u5927\u4f1a\u6700\u540e\u547c\u5401\u5e9f\u9664\u5e38\u5907\u519b\uff0c\u5e76\u6539\u5584\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u798f\u7949\u3002\u5728\u5df4\u67af\u5b81\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u8054\u76df\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u7eb2\u9886\uff0c\u5021\u5bfc\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6743\u529b\u5206\u6563\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9762\u524d\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u8054\u90a6\uff0c\u5e76\u5e9f\u9664\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8d22\u5bcc\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u5bfc\u81f4\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u51fa\u73b0\u5206\u88c2\u3002\u5df4\u67af\u5b81\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a8\u52a8\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u91c7\u7eb3\u7b2c\u4e00\u56fd\u9645\u7684\u7eb2\u9886\uff0c\u8be5\u7eb2\u9886\u547c\u5401\u793e\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u5e9f\u9664\u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u9000\u51fa\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6c11\u4e3b\u540c\u76df\uff08the International Alliance of Socialist Democracy\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>20<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u201c\u2018collectivit\u00e9\u2019\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5370\u5237\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e3\u8bef\uff1b\u5df4\u67af\u5b81\u5f53\u65f6\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u8bf4\u4e86\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u672c\u6765\u60f3\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u2018collectivisme\u2019\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>21<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/L\u2019Internationale%2C_documents_et_souvenirs\/Tome_I\/I%2C9\">L\u2019Internationale, documents et souvenirs\/Tome I\/I,9 &#8211; Wikisource<\/a>\u3002\u539f\u6587\uff1aParce que je demande l\u2018\u00e9galisation \u00e9conomique et sociale des classes et des individus, parce qu\u2019avec le Congr\u00e8s des travailleurs de Bruxelles je me suis d\u00e9clar\u00e9 partisan de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 collective, on m\u2018a reproch\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre <em>communiste<\/em>. Quelle diff\u00e9rence, m\u2018a-t-on dit, faites-vous entre le communisme et la collectivit\u00e9 ? Je suis \u00e9tonn\u00e9, vraiment, que M. Chaudey ne la comprenne pas, cette diff\u00e9rence, lui, l\u2019ex\u00e9cuteur testamentaire de Proudhon. Je d\u00e9teste le communisme parce qu\u2018il est la n\u00e9gation de la libert\u00e9 et que je ne puis concevoir rien d\u2019humain sans libert\u00e9. Je ne suis point communiste parce que le communisme concentre et fait absorber toutes les puissances de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dans l\u2018\u00c9tat, parce qu\u2019il aboutit n\u00e9cessairement \u00e0 la centralisation de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 entre les mains de l\u2018\u00c9tat, tandis que moi je veux l\u2019abolition de l\u2018\u00c9tat, \u2014 l\u2019extirpation radicale de ce principe de l\u2018autorit\u00e9 et de la tutelle de l\u2019\u00c9tat, qui, sous le pr\u00e9texte de moraliser et de civiliser les hommes, les a jusqu\u2018\u00e0 ce jour asservis, opprim\u00e9s, exploit\u00e9s et d\u00e9prav\u00e9s. Je veux l\u2019organisation de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 collective ou sociale de bas en haut, par la voie de la libre association, et non du haut en bas par le moyen de quelque autorit\u00e9 que ce soit. Voulant l\u2018abolition de l\u2019\u00c9tat, je veux l\u2018abolition de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 individuellement h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaire, qui n\u2019est qu\u2018une institution de l\u2019\u00c9tat, une cons\u00e9quence m\u00eame du principe de l\u2018\u00c9tat. Voil\u00e0 dans quel sens je suis <em>collectiviste<\/em> et pas du tout communiste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>22<\/strong>] &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/bakunin\/articles\/16.htm\">\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u53cd\u795e\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u6458\u5f55\uff09\uff081867\u20141868\u5e74\uff09<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>23<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u6234\u96ea\uff08A.V. Dicey\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u516c\u5171\u8206\u8bba\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff1a19\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u8206\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u6234\u9e4f\u98de\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2014\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c83\u201485\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>24<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c85\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>25<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c86\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>26<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u201c\u5bfc\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u7b2c1\u20142\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>27<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e03\u8bb2\uff0c\u7b2c184\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>28<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e94\u8bb2\uff0c\u7b2c109\u2014110\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>29<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c110\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>30<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e03\u8bb2\uff0c\u7b2c195\u2014197\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>31<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u8bb2\uff0c\u7b2c73\u201476\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>32<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u201c\u5bfc\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u7b2c29\u201430\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>33<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c\u516b\u8bb2\uff0c\u7b2c212\u2014220\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>34<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u201c\u5bfc\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u7b2c19\u201420\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>35<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u7b2c\u4e5d\u8bb2\uff0c\u7b2c239\u2014244\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>36<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c241\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>37<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u201c\u5bfc\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u7b2c38\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>38<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u201c\u5bfc\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u7b2c45\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>39<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89\">\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49 &#8211; \u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66<\/a>\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1\">\u81ea\u7531 &#8211; \u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>40<\/strong>] &nbsp;claim\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u8bc9\u56e0\u201d\u6216\u8005\u201c\u8bf7\u6c42\u6743\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u9999\u6e2f\u901a\u5e38\u4e5f\u53eb\u201c\u7533\u7d22\u201d\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u67d0\u79cd\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u6216\u5bf9\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u5229\u6216\u8865\u6551\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u8bc9\u8bbc\u56e0\u7531\u6216\u72b6\u4e66\u5185\u8d56\u4ee5\u8bf7\u6c42\u6d4e\u52a9\u7684\u7406\u7531\u7684\u7d22\u6c42\u3002\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/131152219\">\u6cd5\u5f8b\u82f1\u8bed &#8211; \u5f81\u670d\u8bcd\u9738\u4e4b\uff1aclaim &#8211; \u77e5\u4e4e<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>41<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u201cCausa sui\u201d\uff08\u53d1\u97f3\u4e3a[\u02c8kau\u032f.sa \u02c8s\u028a.i\u02d0]\uff1b\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u201d\u3001\u201c\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u201d\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u6307\u4e8b\u7269\u5728\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u5185\u90e8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u8be5\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u4e8b\u7269\u8d4b\u4e88\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u662f\u5df4\u9c81\u8d6b\u00b7\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u3001\u897f\u683c\u8499\u5fb7\u00b7\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u3001\u8ba9-\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8428\u7279\u548c\u6b27\u5185\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0cCausa sui\u4e3b\u8981\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u89c4\u8303\u5224\u65ad\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u3002\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Causa_sui\">Causa sui &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>42<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14. \u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u8457\u4f5c\u96c6 \u7b2c7\u5377 \u6cd5\u54f2\u5b66\u539f\u7406. \u9093\u5b89\u5e86\u8bd1. \u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e. 2016(1). \u7b2c92\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>43<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c97\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>44<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c34\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>45<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/marx\/capital\/02.htm\">\u300a\u8d44\u672c\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\uff1a\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b(1867) \u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u3000\u4ea4\u6362\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>46<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/marx\/capital\/04.htm#_ftnref9\">\u300a\u8d44\u672c\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\uff1a\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b(1867) \u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u3000\u8d27\u5e01\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u8d44\u672c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>47<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/proudon\/1840\/02.htm\">\u300a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6240\u6709\u6743\u300b\uff081840\u5e746\u6708\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u5929\u7136\u6743\u5229\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743\u3002\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u6743\u7684\u6709\u6548\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5360\u7528\u548c\u6c11\u6cd5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>48<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/proudon\/1840\/01.htm\">\u300a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6240\u6709\u6743\u300b\uff081840\u5e746\u6708\uff09 \u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0 \u8fd9\u672c\u8457\u4f5c\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u6b21\u9769\u547d\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>49<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/proudon\/1840\/02.htm\">\u300a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6240\u6709\u6743\u300b\uff081840\u5e746\u6708\uff09 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u5929\u7136\u6743\u5229\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743\u3002\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u6743\u7684\u6709\u6548\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5360\u7528\u548c\u6c11\u6cd5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>50<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u5218\u96e8\uff0c\u77f3\u9547\u5e73. \u8bba\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5bf9\u84b2\u9c81\u4e1c\u5c0f\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u7684\u6279\u5224[J]. \u6c5f\u6c49\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248\uff09\uff0c2017\uff0c34(2)\uff1a28-31. \u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncpssd.org\/Literature\/secure\/articleinfo?params=V1d4clFVZnRlUGtlSkgveU9LNUROblNVbldQQmk0M0ZEeFlnUWd0TzJLa2RGK2V4OSsxT3FUcWpWMGRkSDk3UnJUSzJSdGJPLzhabkY1Z1VDWUNlZXlpekpodTFyNXlrL3FZcHZDQ05mNE5XczlhYzFyR3VIQ0tnNjVSb2NBbnc&amp;pageUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncpssd.org%2FLiterature%2Farticlelist%3FsType%3D0%26search%3DKElLVEU9IuiuuuiSsumygeS4nOWwj%2Bi1hOS6p%2BmYtue6p%2BekvuS8muS4u%2BS5iSIgT1IgSUtQWVRFPSLorrrokrLpsoHkuJzlsI%2FotYTkuqfpmLbnuqfnpL7kvJrkuLvkuYkiICBPUiBJS1NUPSLorrrokrLpsoHkuJzlsI%2FotYTkuqfpmLbnuqfnpL7kvJrkuLvkuYkiIE9SIElLRVQ9IuiuuuiSsumygeS4nOWwj%2Bi1hOS6p%2BmYtue6p%2BekvuS8muS4u%2BS5iSIgT1IgSUtTRT0i6K666JKy6bKB5Lic5bCP6LWE5Lqn6Zi257qn56S%2B5Lya5Li75LmJIik%3D%26searchname%3D6aKY5ZCNL%2BWFs%2BmUruivjT0i6K666JKy6bKB5Lic5bCP6LWE5Lqn6Zi257qn56S%2B5Lya5Li75LmJIg%3D%3D%26nav%3D0%26ajaxKeys%3D6K666JKy6bKB5Lic5bCP6LWE5Lqn6Zi257qn56S%2B5Lya5Li75LmJ\">\u56fd\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u76f8\u5173\u94fe\u63a5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>51<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/marx\/marxist.org-chinese-marx-1845.htm\">\u5173\u4e8e\u8d39\u5c14\u5df4\u54c8\u7684\u63d0\u7eb2\uff08\u9a6c\u514b\u601d1845\u5e74\u7a3f\u672c\uff09<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>52<\/strong>] &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/marx-engels2\/08\/14.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">\uff3b\u673a\u5668\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff3d<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>53<\/strong>] &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/chinese\/marx\/marxist.org-chinese-marx-1875-4.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff1a\u54e5\u8fbe\u7eb2\u9886\u6279\u5224\uff08\u5199\u4e8e1875\u5e744\uff0d5\u6708\uff09<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>54<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1\u300a\u8bba\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8109\u7edc\u548c\u5185\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u7406\u8bba\u6708\u520a\u300b2012\u5e74\u7b2c09\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>55<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u6731\u5c0f\u5a1f\uff1a\u300a\u8bba\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7740\u529b\u70b9\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6559\u5b66\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u300b2018\u5e74\u7b2c11\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c94\u2014100\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>56<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>57<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1\u90ed\u6d4e\u6c40\uff1a\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u89c2\u5ff5\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u5ff5\u53d8\u8fc1\u8003\u5bdf\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>58<\/strong>] &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cn.govopendata.com\/renminribao\/1957\/02\/22\/1\/\">\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5 1957-02-22\u7535\u5b50\u7248,\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u5386\u53f2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>59<\/strong>] &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cn.govopendata.com\/renminribao\/1964\/2\/10\/2\/\">\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5 1964-02-10\u7535\u5b50\u7248,\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u5386\u53f2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>60<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1 \u5218\u7433\u7433, \u6731\u5ef7\u52ad, \u4efb\u5b5d\u9e4f. \u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\/\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4ee3\u9645\u53d8\u8fc11949-2010\uff1a\u6765\u81ea\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u8bc1\u636e[J]. \u4e2d\u56fd\u4e34\u5e8a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7, 2020, 28(3): 542-549,555.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u968f\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u6f6e\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u5374\u5f80\u5f80\u8bed\u7109\u4e0d\u8be6\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5173 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized-article"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34,"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23\/revisions\/34"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}