{"id":118,"date":"2026-08-22T19:51:43","date_gmt":"2026-08-22T11:51:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/?p=118"},"modified":"2026-08-25T03:04:32","modified_gmt":"2026-08-24T19:04:32","slug":"%e4%bb%8e%e4%b8%bb%e6%9d%83%e5%87%ba%e5%8f%91%ef%bc%9a%e7%8e%b0%e4%bb%a3%e5%9b%bd%e5%ae%b6%e7%90%86%e8%ae%ba%e7%9a%84%e6%80%9d%e6%83%b3%e5%8f%b2%e8%80%83%e5%af%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/archives\/118","title":{"rendered":"\u4ece\u4e3b\u6743\u51fa\u53d1\uff1a\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u8003\u5bdf"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e00\u3001\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u524d\u53f2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.1 \u6559\u6743\u4e0e\u738b\u6743\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e3b\u6743\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6700\u65e9\u6e90\u81ea\u4e8e\u541b\u4e3b\uff08sovereign\uff09\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\uff0csovereign\u5e38\u88ab\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u541b\u4e3b\u201d\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5219\u662fsovereignty\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u5e38\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u4e3b\u6743\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u4f5c\u201csovereignty\u201d\uff0c\u5fb7\u6587\u4f5c\u201cSouvernit\u201d\uff0c\u6cd5\u6587\u4f5c\u201csouverainet\u00e9 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6559\u6743\u4e0e\u4e16\u4fd7\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u30021302\u5e74\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u738b\u6743\u4e0e\u6559\u6743\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa,\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6559\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6bd5\u7adf\u53ea\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u800c\u738b\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u662f\u6709 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Bourges<\/em>\uff09<sup>10<\/sup>\uff0c\u5728\u6559\u804c\u4efb\u547d\u3001\u89e3\u51b3\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ea0\u7eb7\u548c\u5f81\u7a0e\u7b49\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u5bf9\u6559\u5ef7\u6743\u529b<strong>\u52a0\u4ee5\u9650\u5236<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u738b\u6743\u4ea6\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u300215\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u541b\u4e3b\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u6559\u5ef7\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u534f\u5b9a\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u6269\u5927\u738b\u5ba4\u5bf9<strong>\u672c\u56fd\u6559\u4f1a\u4e8b\u52a1<\/strong>\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6559\u804c\u4efb\u547d\u548c\u6559\u4f1a\u8d22\u653f\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u6743\u529b\u30021482\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u738b\u6743\u4e0e\u6559\u5ef7\u8fbe\u6210\u76f8\u5173\u534f\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65<strong>\u9650\u5236\u4e86<\/strong>\u6559\u5ef7\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5883\u5185\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u56fd\u738b\u5bf9\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6559\u804c\u4efb\u547d\u53ca\u6559\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002<sup>11<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u5219\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u5728\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5206\u88c2\u6700\u7ec8\u8feb\u4f7f\u7687\u5e1d\u3001\u8bf8\u4faf\u4e0e\u65b0\u6559\u52bf\u529b\u5bfb\u6c42\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u7684\u59a5\u534f\u30021555\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5965\u683c\u65af\u5821\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\uff08<em>Peace of Augsburg<\/em>\uff09<sup>12<\/sup>\u786e\u7acb\u4e86<strong>\u201c\u6559\u968f\u56fd\u5b9a\u201d\uff08<em>cuius regio, eius religio<\/em>\uff09<\/strong>\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u5e1d\u56fd\u8bf8\u4faf\u5728\u5176\u9886\u5730\u5185\u51b3\u5b9a\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4e0d\u613f\u63a5\u53d7\u9886\u4e3b\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u81e3\u6c11\u5219\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fc1\u51fa\u3002<sup>13<\/sup>\u8fd9\u4e00\u539f\u5219\u867d\u7136\u5c1a\u672a\u8d4b\u4e88\u8bf8\u4faf\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u5374\u4f7f<strong>\u5b97\u6559\u79e9\u5e8f<\/strong>\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e0e<strong>\u9886\u571f\u6027\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b<\/strong>\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u5177\u6709\u666e\u4e16\u6027\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u6743\u5a01\u9010\u6e10\u53d7\u5230\u738b\u56fd\u548c\u9886\u90a6\u5185\u90e8\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6392\u65a5\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5a01\u7684<strong>\u6700\u9ad8\u6027<\/strong>\u4e0e<strong>\u9886\u571f\u6027<\/strong>\u5f00\u59cb\u83b7\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8868\u8fbe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u90fd\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u738b\u6743\u4e0e\u6559\u6743\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u6597\u4e89\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u4e3b\u6743\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f20\u840d\u5728\u300a\u4ece\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u5230\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u70b9\u7684\u518d\u601d\u8003\u300b\u4e2d\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u535a\u4e39\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u7406\u8bba\u201c\u6d88\u89e3\u201d\u4e86\u6559\u6743\u7684<strong>\u7edd\u5bf9\u529b\u91cf<\/strong>\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86<strong>\u62bd\u8c61\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a<\/strong>\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u540e\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u5efa\u6784\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3b\u4f53\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u4f53\u7cfb\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u915d\u917f\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u4e16\u4fd7\u738b\u6743\u4e0e\u6559\u4f1a\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u957f\u671f\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u7406\u8bba\u9996\u5148\u88ab\u5851\u9020\u4e3a\u738b\u6743\u5bf9\u6297\u6559\u6743\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u754c\u5b9a\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u7684\u9886\u57df\u6027\u8fb9\u754c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u5176\u5728\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u4e0e\u6392\u4ed6\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u538b\u7f29\u4e86\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u8d85\u5730\u57df\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u548c\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.2 \u53e4\u5178\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5373\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u6743\u7406\u8bba\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u6743\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u6743\u529b\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5c5e\u6027\u4fbf\u662f\u5176\u5728\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u8fb9\u754c\u5185\u5177\u6709\u81f3\u9ad8\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e2d\u65e9\u6709\u840c\u82bd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u4fbf\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u5728\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u840c\u53d1\u3002\u8428\u62dc\u56e0\u751a\u81f3\u8bf4\uff0c\u535a\u4e39\u53ea\u662f\u201c\u4ece\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u5e9f\u7269\u5806\u4e2d\u62e3\u51fa\u4e86\u4e3b\u6743\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u5ff5\u201d\u3002<sup>14<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5728\u8bba\u8ff0\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u66fe\u7ecf\u8c08\u5230\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u57ce\u90a6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u5e94\u8be5\u5bc4\u6258\u4e8e\u4ec0\u4e48\uff08\u600e\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7591\u96be\uff1a\u5bc4\u6258\u4e8e\u2018\u7fa4\u4f17\u2019\u6216\u2018\u5bcc\u6237\u2019\u6216\u2018\u9ad8\u5c1a\u4e4b\u58eb\u2019\u6216\u2018\u5168\u90a6\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4e00\u4eba\u2019\u6216\u2018\u50ed\u4e3b\u2019\u3002 [\u5728\u8fd9\u4e94\u8005\u4e4b\u4e2d]\u9009\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u9879\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4e0d\u76f8\u5b9c\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002<sup>15<\/sup>\u897f\u585e\u7f57\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u5c31\u50cf\u4e2a\u7403\uff0c\u50ed\u4e3b\u4ece\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u624b\u4e2d\u652b\u53d6\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u6216\u4eba\u6c11\u53c8\u4ece\u50ed\u4e3b\u624b\u4e2d\u593a\u8d70\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u53c8\u6709\u67d0\u4e2a\u5be1\u5934\u6d3e\u522b\u6216\u67d0\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u624b\u4e2d\u7a83\u53d6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u5f0f\u80fd\u591f\u957f\u4e45\u5730\u81ea\u6211\u7ef4\u6301\u3002\u201d<sup>16<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u5c1a\u672a\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b66\u754c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u539f\u578b\u5176\u5b9e\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u53e4\u4ee3\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u7684 imperium\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.3 \u7f57\u9a6c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4e0e imperium<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684 <em>imperium<\/em> \u6982\u5ff5\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5728\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Imperium \u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6388\u4e88\u7279\u5b9a\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5171\u548c\u5b98\u804c\uff08<em>magistratus<\/em>\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u9ad8\u7ea7\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u5bf9\u519b\u961f\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7edf\u5e05\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u5ef6\u4f38\u81f3\u53f8\u6cd5\u3001\u884c\u653f\u3001\u5916\u4ea4\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f3a\u5236\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\uff08<em>imperium<\/em>\uff09\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u5883\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u7f57\u9a6c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6784\u6210\u53ca\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u60f3\u8981\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\uff08<em>Populus<\/em>\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u201cPopulus\u201d\u6700\u521d\u662f\u519b\u4e8b\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u6b65\u5175\u201d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u65e9\u671f\u53ea\u6709\u8d35\u65cf\u80fd\u53c2\u519b\uff0c\u5b83\u66fe\u4e13\u6307\u8d35\u65cf\u3002\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u5e73\u6c11\uff08Plebs\uff09\u4e5f\u627f\u62c5\u5175\u5f79\uff0c\u201cPopulus\u201d\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u5c31\u6269\u5927\u4e3a\u5305\u62ec\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u5e73\u6c11\u5728\u5185\u7684\u201c\u5168\u4f53\u516c\u6c11\u201d\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u56fd\u53f7\u662f<strong>\u201c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5143\u8001\u9662\u4e0e\u4eba\u6c11\u201d<\/strong>\uff08<em>Senatus Populusque Romanus<\/em>\uff0c\u5373<em>SPQR<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002<sup>17<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u897f\u585e\u7f57\u5219\u5c06\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u57fa\u4e8e\u6cd5\uff08ius\uff09<sup>20<\/sup>\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u548c\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5171\u540c\u800c\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Est res publica res populi, populus autem non omnis hominum coetus guogue modo congrecatus, sed coetus multitudinis iuris consensu et utilitatis communione sociatus.<\/em><sup>18<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff08res publica\uff09<sup>19<\/sup>\u4e43<strong>\u4eba\u6c11\u4e4b\u4e8b\u4e1a<\/strong>\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u6c11\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u67d0\u79cd\u968f\u610f\u805a\u5408\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u57fa\u4e8e<strong>\u6cd5\uff08ius\uff09\u7684\u8ba4\u540c<\/strong><sup>20<\/sup>\u548c<strong>\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5229\u76ca<\/strong>\u800c\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u5408\u7684\u9996\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u4e3b\u8981\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\u8f6f\u5f31\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u5929\u751f\u7684\u805a\u5408\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u60f3\u8981\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u4e00\u5458\uff0c\u8fd9\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\u901a\u5e38\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u516c\u6c11\uff08<em>civis<\/em>\uff09\u3002\u6700\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u7236\u6bcd\u5747\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u6700\u521d\u89c4\u5b9a\u7236\u6bcd\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u6709\u6240\u653e\u5bbd\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u4e00\u65b9\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6bcd\u4eb2\uff09\u662f\u975e\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u62e5\u6709\u201c\u901a\u5a5a\u6743\u201d(<em>connubium<\/em>)\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u4e2a\u4eba\u53d7\u8d4f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u3002<sup>21<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6bd4\u8f83\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fd8\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u7acb\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d90\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u540c\u76df\u8005\u6218\u4e89\uff08<em>Social War<\/em>\uff09<sup>22<\/sup>\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6267\u653f\u5b98\u5362\u57fa\u4e4c\u65af\u00b7\u5c24\u5229\u4e4c\u65af\u00b7\u607a\u6492\uff08Lucius Julius Caesar\uff09\u63a8\u52a8\u300a\u5c24\u5229\u4e4c\u65af\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u6cd5\u300b\uff08<em>Lex Iulia de civitate Latinis et sociis danda<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u5411\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u52a0\u53db\u4e71\u3001\u6216\u8fc5\u901f\u505c\u6b62\u62b5\u6297\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5f00\u653e\u7f57\u9a6c\u516c\u6c11\u6743\uff1b\u6b21\u5e74\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u666e\u52b3\u63d0\u4e9a\u2014\u5e15\u76ae\u91cc\u4e9a\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u6cd5\u300b\uff08<em>Lex Plautia Papiria de civitate<\/em>\uff09\u53c8\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u53d6\u5f97\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u7531\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c\u5206\u5316\u610f\u5927\u5229\u76df\u90a6\u3001\u904f\u5236\u6218\u4e89\u6269\u6563\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u6574\u5408\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u91cd\u8981<strong>\u653f\u6cbb\u5de5\u5177<\/strong>\u3002<sup>23<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u516c\u5143212\u5e74\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u5361\u62c9\u5361\u62c9\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\u52aa\u65af\u6555\u4ee4\u300b\uff08<em>Constitutio Antoniniana<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u5c06\u7f57\u9a6c\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u6388\u4e88\u5e1d\u56fd\u5185\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u5c45\u6c11\u3002<sup>24<\/sup>\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u7f57\u9a6c\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6570\u767e\u5e74\u6765\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u9010\u6b65\u5411\u610f\u5927\u5229\u53ca\u5404\u884c\u7701\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u56e0\u6b64\u901a\u5e38\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u6574\u5408\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\uff1a\u6b64\u524d\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u4ecd\u7136\u6784\u6210\u5e1d\u56fd\u5185\u4e0d\u540c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8eab\u4efd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684<strong>\u91cd\u8981\u754c\u9650<\/strong>\uff1b212\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u5c45\u6c11\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u90fd\u6210\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c\u516c\u6c11\uff08<em>cives Romani<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u7531\u4e00\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u660e\u663e<strong>\u6392\u4ed6\u6027<\/strong>\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8eab\u4efd\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u8fd1\u4e4e<strong>\u666e\u904d\u7684<\/strong>\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8eab\u4efd\u3002<sup>25<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\uff1a<strong>\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u4eba\u6c11<\/strong>\u548c<strong>\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u4eba\u6c11<\/strong>\u3002<sup>26<\/sup>\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53c2\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5e76\u4e0d\u9ad8\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6781\u5c0f\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u516c\u6c11\uff08\u7ea6 1\u20133%\uff09\u80fd\u591f\u5b9e\u9645\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u516c\u6c11<strong>\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e4b\u5916<\/strong>\u3002<sup>27<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6210\u6587\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u5baa\u5236\u662f\u4e00\u5957\u4e0d\u65ad\u6f14\u53d8\u7684\u3001<strong>\u4e0d\u6210\u6587\u7684<\/strong>\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u548c\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u5148\u4f8b\u4f20\u627f\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53ca\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u90fd\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u4f9d\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7f57\u9a6c\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5730\u4f4d\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u662f\u4eab\u6709\u8bf8\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u53d7\u5ba1\u548c\u4e0a\u8bc9\u6743\u3001\u7ed3\u5a5a\u6743\u3001\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u3001\u62c5\u4efb\u516c\u804c\u6743\u3001\u7b7e\u8ba2\u5177\u6709\u7ea6\u675f\u529b\u7684\u5408\u540c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eab\u53d7\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u7a0e\u6536\u8c41\u514d\u3002\u62e5\u6709\u5168\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u7684\u6210\u5e74\u7537\u6027\u516c\u6c11\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201coptimo iure\u201d\uff08\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u62e5\u6709\u6700\u5927\u6743\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u4eab\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u201d\uff09\u3002\u201c\u4eab\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u52a0\u516c\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u5b98\u5458\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u4e3b\u6301\u6b7b\u5211\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u3001\u5ba3\u6218\u4e0e\u5abe\u548c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f14\u7ed3\u6216\u89e3\u9664\u6761\u7ea6\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u5206\u4e3a\u201ccomitia\u201d\uff08\u6240\u6709\u201coptimo iure\u201d\u516c\u6c11\u5747\u53ef\u6295\u7968\u7684\u5927\u4f1a\uff09\u548c\u201cconcilia\u201d\uff08\u5355\u6570\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3a\u201cconcilium\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u5e73\u6c11\u4f1a\u8bae\u201d\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u201coptimo iure\u201d\u516c\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f53\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5e73\u6c11\uff09\u670d\u52a1\u3002<sup>28<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7f57\u9a6c\u6709\u4f17\u591a\u5171\u548c\u5b98\u804c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b98\u804c\u662f\u6267\u653f\u5b98\uff08<em>consul<\/em>\uff09\u548c\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\uff08<em>praetor<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u5b98\uff08<em>dictator<\/em>\uff09\u548c\u6444\u653f\u5b98\uff08<em>interrex<\/em>\uff09<sup>28a<\/sup>\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u8fd8\u8bbe\u6709\u8d22\u52a1\u5b98\uff08<em>quaestor<\/em>\uff09\u3001\u5e02\u653f\u5b98\uff08<em>aedilis<\/em>\uff09\u3001\u4fdd\u6c11\u5b98\uff08<em>Tribunus plebis<\/em>\uff09<sup>28b<\/sup>\u3001\u7b49\u804c\u52a1\u3002\u5728\u8bf8\u591a\u5171\u548c\u5b98\u804c\u4e2d\u771f\u6b63\u884c\u4f7f <em>imperium<\/em> \u7684\u53ea\u6709\u6267\u653f\u5b98\u548c\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\uff0c\u7531\u4e24\u8005\u5171\u540c\u884c\u4f7f\u3002<sup>28<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u516c\u5143\u524d27\u5e74\uff0c\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u90fd\u201c\u6062\u590d\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u201d\u540e\uff0c\u4f46\u5143\u8001\u9662\u628a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u884c\u7701\u53ca\u5176\u524d\u6267\u653f\u5b98\u7edf\u5e05\u6743\uff08<em>proconsular imperium<\/em>\uff09\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4ed6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u5e1d\u56fd\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u519b\u961f\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d23\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u653e\u5f03\u957f\u671f\u62c5\u4efb\u6267\u653f\u5b98\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u4fdd\u6c11\u5b98\u804c\u6743\uff08<em>tribunicia potestas<\/em>\uff0c\u5373\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u90fd\u5728\u4e0d\u62c5\u4efb\u4fdd\u6c11\u5b98\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5374\u83b7\u5f97\u4fdd\u6c11\u5b98\u8fd9\u4e00\u804c\u4f4d\u6240<strong>\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u6216\u6838\u5fc3\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u80fd<\/strong>\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u57ce\u5185\u6301\u7eed\u5e72\u9884\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u524d\u6267\u653f\u5b98\u7edf\u5e05\u6743\u201d\u5f97\u5230\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5f3a\u5316\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u201c\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u884c\u7701\u603b\u7763\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u201d\uff08<em>imperium proconsulare maius<\/em>\uff09\u3002<sup>29<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u90fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06 <em>imperium proconsulare maius<\/em> \u4e0e <em>tribunicia potestas<\/em> \u96c6\u4e8e\u4e00\u8eab\uff0c\u5c06\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u539f\u672c\u5206\u6563\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u5b98\u804c\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u7edf\u5e05\u6743\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5e72\u9884\u6743\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u5143\u9996\u3002\u968f\u7740\u540e\u7ee7\u7687\u5e1d<strong>\u6301\u7eed\u53d6\u5f97<\/strong>\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6743\u529b\u7ec4\u5408<strong>\u9010\u6e10\u5236\u5ea6\u5316<\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u5143\u9996\u5236\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u5143\u9996\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u7edf\u6cbb\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5206\u6743\u548c\u540c\u50da\u5236\uff08<em>collegialitas<\/em>\uff09\u7684\u5171\u548c\u4f53\u5236\u88ab\u6253\u7834\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u9010\u6b65\u5f00\u59cb\u5411\u5143\u9996\u5236\u8fc7\u6e21\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bf8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u6700\u65e9\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u3002<sup>30<\/sup>\u4f46\u662f\u674e\u661f\u5728\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u6cbb\u6743\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5f02\u540c\u300b\u4e2d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u867d\u7136\u6e90\u81ea\u738b\u653f\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u4ee5\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6cdb\u6307\uff0c\u4f46<strong>\u53d7\u5230\u5171\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6d78\u67d3<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e0e\u535a\u4e39\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u7740\u5173\u952e\u6027\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<sup>31<\/sup>\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u6709\u8bf8\u591a\u4f53\u73b0\uff1a\u5728\u89c4\u8303\u4e0a\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u9700\u9075\u5faa\u201c\u4e3a\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u7edf\u6cbb\u201d\u7684\u51c6\u5219\uff1b\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5143\u8001\u9662\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u7687\u5e1d\u6743\u529b\u7684\u552f\u4e00<strong>\u5408\u6cd5\u6765\u6e90<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u540e\u6765\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5e38\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u90a3\u53e5\u201c<strong>\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u6c11\u628a\u5168\u90e8\u6743\u529b\u79fb\u4ea4\u7ed9\u7687\u5e1d<\/strong>\u201d\u7684\u683c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u539f\u6587\u51fa\u81ea<strong>\u300a\u5b66\u8bf4\u6c47\u7e82\u300b\uff08Digest\uff091.4.1\uff0c\u4e4c\u5c14\u6bd4\u5b89\uff08Ulpian\uff09<\/strong>\uff0c\u539f\u6587\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>Quod principi placuit, legis habet vigorem: utpote cum lege regia, quae de imperio eius lata est, populus ei et in eum omne suum imperium et potestatem conferat.<\/strong><\/em> \u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u201c\u7687\u5e1d\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u4e8b\u9879\u5177\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6548\u529b\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u6839\u636e\u5173\u4e8e\u5176\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u800c\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u300a\u738b\u6743\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5168\u90e8 <em>imperium<\/em> \u548c <em>potestas<\/em> \u6388\u4e88\u4ed6\uff0c\u5e76\u6388\u4e88\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u529b\u7684\u652f\u914d\u3002\u201d<sup>32<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u76f4\u5230\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4ecd\u7528\u4e3b\u6743\u6765\u79f0\u547c\u5c01\u5efa\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\uff0c\u541b\u4e3b\u5373\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u535a\u4e39\u7528\u6cd5\u8bed\u201csouverainet\u00e9\u201d\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49\u201c\u4e3b\u6743\u201d\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e3b\u6743\u5f00\u59cb\u5177\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e8c\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u6743\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u63d0\u51fa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u6743\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u6700\u65e9\u59cb\u4e8e\u8ba9\u00b7\u535a\u4e39\uff08\u6cd5\u8bed\uff1aJean Bodin\uff0c1530\u20141596\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u65e9\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u5171\u548c\u516d\u4e66\u300b\uff08<em>Les Six livres de la R\u00e9publique<\/em>\uff09\u4e2d\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u4e8e\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u4e3b\u6743\u5728\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 \u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u53cc\u91cd\u5c5e\u6027<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\uff0c\u535a\u4e39\u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e25\u8c28\u5730\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e3b\u6743\u662f\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff08commonwealth\uff09\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e14\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u62c9\u4e01\u4eba\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201cMaiestas\u201d\uff08\u6216 Majestas\uff09\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201cakra exousian\u201d\u3001\u201ckurion arch\u00ean\u201d\u548c\u201ckurion politeuma\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u5219\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201cSegnoria\u201d\uff08\u4eca\u4f5c Signoria\uff09\uff0c\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u4eba\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201cTomech Shevet\u201d\u3002<sup>33<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u5177\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5373\uff1a<strong>\u7edd\u5bf9\u6027<\/strong>\u548c<strong>\u6c38\u4e45\u6027<\/strong>\u3002\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u6027\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u81f3\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\uff0c\u535a\u4e39\u5219\u6709\u66f4\u52a0\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u5df2\u7ecf\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u529b\u662f\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u67d0\u4eba\u6216\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u8d4b\u4e88\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u671f\u6ee1\u540e\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ecd\u662f\u65e0\u5b98\u804c\u7684\u81e3\u6c11\uff08private subjects\uff09\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u884c\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7edd\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u3002\u5728\u4eba\u6c11\u6216\u541b\u4e3b\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u529b\u6536\u56de\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u6743\u529b\u7684\u53d7\u6258\u4eba\u6216\u4ee3\u7ba1\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u6216\u541b\u4e3b\u624d\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6240\u6709\u8005\uff08<em>qui en demeure tousiours saisi<\/em>\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e14\u6c38\u6052\u6743\u529b\u201d\uff08<em>la puissance absolue et perpetuelle d\u2018une R\u00e9publique<\/em>\uff09<sup>34<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 \u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u535a\u4e39\u5728\u4e3b\u6743\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u5904\u7406\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u5177\u5f20\u529b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u541b\u4e3b\u62e5\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u5305\u62ec\u5236\u5b9a\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u3001\u5e9f\u9664\u3001\u8c03\u6574\u7b49\u3002\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u4e3b\u6743\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9650\u5236\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u5373\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u62e5\u6709\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u2026\u2026\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u7406\u7531\u4ecd\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u201d<sup>35<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u535a\u4e39\u4e3b\u5f20\u201c\u62e5\u6709\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u3001\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u7406\u7531\u4ecd\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u201d<sup>35<\/sup>\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u540c\u6837\u575a\u5b9a\u5730\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u53d7\u795e\u6cd5\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u535a\u4e39\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u505a\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u2026\u2026\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u8bf4\u8fc7\u50ed\u4e3b\u5c31\u662f\u51ed\u501f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u62e5\u6709\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u672a\u7ecf\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u4e5f\u975e\u4e16\u88ad\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6743\u529b\u5206\u914d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u6b63\u4e49\u4e4b\u6218\u6240\u81f4\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u7279\u522b\u6388\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u53e4\u4eba\u8457\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5bf9\u50ed\u4e3b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u8fd8\u89c4\u5b9a\u50ed\u4e3b\u7f6a\u8be5\u5f53\u6740\u3002\u201d<sup>36<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u535a\u4e39\u4e3b\u6743\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u6700\u5177\u4e89\u8bae\u4f46\u4e5f\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u8bba\u65ad\u662f\u5176\u201c\u4e3b\u6743\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002\u535a\u4e39\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u914d\u6216\u5171\u4eab\u3002\u4ed6\u6279\u5224\u6df7\u5408\u653f\u4f53\u7406\u8bba\u65f6\u6307\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4e3b\u6743\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u2026\u2026\u5b83\u600e\u4e48\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u4e00\u4eba\u548c\u4f17\u4eba\u6765\u884c\u4f7f\u5462\uff1f\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6807\u5fd7\u5c31\u662f\u7ed9\u4f17\u4eba\u5236\u5b9a\u4e00\u822c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u4eba\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u80fd\u652f\u914d\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u201d<sup>46<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5bf9\u4e8e\u535a\u4e39\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6df7\u5408\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u8981\u4e48\u5f52\u4e8e\u541b\u4e3b\u4e00\u4eba\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5f52\u4e8e\u5c11\u6570\u8d35\u65cf\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5f52\u4e8e\u5168\u4f53\u4eba\u6c11\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u79cd\u653f\u4f53\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u4e09\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u653f\u4f53\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u6ca6\u4e3a\u201c\u5175\u620e\u76f8\u89c1\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4e3b\u6743\u6700\u7ec8\u7531\u541b\u4e3b\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u96c6\u56e2\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5168\u4f53\u6c11\u4f17\u6765\u638c\u63e1\u201d<sup>47<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.5 \u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5185\u5bb9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u535a\u4e39\u5728\u300a\u4e3b\u6743\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\u4e2d\u7cfb\u7edf\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u6027\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u6807\u5fd7\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6807\u5fd7\u662f\u4e13\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u81e3\u6c11\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743<\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u9996\u8981\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u6027\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u5236\u5b9a\u666e\u9002\u6027\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u4e13\u95e8\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2a\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u522b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4e14\u201c\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u610f\u201d\u3002\u535a\u4e39\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u9879\u6743\u529b\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u4e2d\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u201c\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743\u548c\u5e9f\u6b62\u6743\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6743\u529b\u548c\u7279\u6743\u201d<sup>48<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5ba3\u6218\u4e0e\u5abe\u548c\u6743<\/strong>\u3002\u201c\u65e2\u7136\u5ba3\u6218\u548c\u548c\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f1a\u5173\u6d89\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u751f\u6b7b\u5b58\u4ea1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u201d<sup>49<\/sup>\u5728\u541b\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b64\u9879\u6743\u529b\u5f53\u7136\u5c5e\u4e8e\u541b\u4e3b\uff1b\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u4e0b\uff0c\u5219\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u4eba\u6c11\u6216\u4eba\u6c11\u6388\u6743\u7684\u673a\u6784\u884c\u4f7f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u9996\u8981\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u6743\u529b<\/strong>\u3002\u535a\u4e39\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u9009\u4e3e\u5b98\u5458\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u6027\u6743\u529b\u7684\u663e\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u5b98\u804c\u7684\u786e\u8ba4\u548c\u6388\u4e88\u8fd9\u624d\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u771f\u8c1b\u6240\u5728\u201d\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5b98\u540f\u201c\u5c31\u5e94\u627f\u8ba4\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u541b\u4e3b\u201d<sup>50<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u7ec8\u5ba1\u6743<\/strong>\u3002\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6216\u7ec8\u6b62\u4e0a\u8bc9\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u529b\u3002\u201d<sup>51<\/sup>\u535a\u4e39\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7ec8\u6b62\u4e0a\u8bc9\u7684\u6743\u529b\u662f\u5224\u65ad\u4e3b\u6743\u5f52\u5c5e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6807\u5fd7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e94\uff0c\u8d66\u514d\u6743<\/strong>\u3002\u201c\u7ed9\u4e88\u6709\u7f6a\u7684\u4eba\u4ee5\u8d66\u514d\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u6027\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5b98\u540f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u5176\u804c\u4f4d\u6709\u591a\u9ad8\uff0c\u7686\u4e0d\u4eab\u6709\u8be5\u9879\u6743\u529b\u3002\u201d<sup>52<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u516d\uff0c\u94f8\u5e01\u6743\u4e0e\u5ea6\u91cf\u8861\u89c4\u5b9a\u6743<\/strong>\u3002\u201c\u94f8\u5e01\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7279\u5f81\u6027\u6743\u529b\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u89c4\u5b9a\u5ea6\u91cf\u8861\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u4e3b\u6743\u4e2d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u6027\u6743\u529b\u201d\u3002\u535a\u4e39\u5f15\u8ff0\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4f8b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u672a\u7ecf\u541b\u4e3b\u8bb8\u53ef\u64c5\u81ea\u5236\u9020\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5e94\u53d7\u4e25\u60e9\u3002<sup>53<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e03\uff0c\u5f81\u7a0e\u6743<\/strong>\u3002\u201c\u5bf9\u81e3\u6c11\u5f81\u6536\u76f4\u63a5\u7a0e\u548c\u95f4\u63a5\u7a0e\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u514d\u7a0e\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u9644\u52a0\u5728\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743\u548c\u8d4b\u4e88\u7279\u6743\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u201d<sup>54<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u535a\u4e39\u8fd8\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u6d77\u6d0b\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u3001\u7b7e\u53d1\u5b89\u5168\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee4\u72b6\u3001\u8feb\u4f7f\u81e3\u6c11\u6539\u53d8\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u965b\u4e0b\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u79f0\u8c13\u7684\u4e13\u5c5e\u4f7f\u7528\u6743\u7b49\u3002<sup>55<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.6 \u4e3b\u6743\u4e0d\u53ef\u8f6c\u8ba9\u4e0e\u4e0d\u53ef\u6d88\u706d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u535a\u4e39\u6700\u7ec8\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u4e3b\u6743\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8f6c\u8ba9\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u3001\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6d88\u706d\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u4ec5\u5f52\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u5730\u4eab\u6709\u2026\u2026\u4f9d\u636e\u5176\u672c\u8d28\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u8bf4\uff1a\u4e3b\u6743\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8f6c\u8ba9\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6d88\u706d\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u8bba\u541b\u4e3b\u6388\u4e88\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u662f\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u9886\u4e3b\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u5185\u7f6e\u5728\u5176\u4e3b\u6743\u4e2d\u7684\u738b\u6743\u5374\u603b\u662f\u5f97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u7559\u3002\u201d<sup>56<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6ce8\u91ca<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>1<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u5f20\u840d\uff1a\u300a\u4ece\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u5230\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u70b9\u7684\u518d\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76\u300b2024\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c139\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>2<\/strong>] &nbsp;Fritz Kern, <em>Kingship and Law in the Middle Ages<\/em>, S. B. Chrimes trans., Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1939, pp.40-50.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>3<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u65af\u5854\u592b\u91cc\u963f\u8bfa\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u5168\u7403\u901a\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u51fa\u7248\u793e1988\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c166\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>4<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u73cd\u59ae\u7279\u00b7L.\u963f\u5e03-\u5362\u683c\u970d\u5fb7\uff1a\u300a\u6b27\u6d32\u9738\u6743\u4e4b\u524d\uff1a1250\u20141350\u5e74\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4f53\u7cfb\u300b\uff0c\u675c\u5baa\u5175\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99862015\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c22\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>5<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u4f11\u00b7\u5e0c\u987f-\u6c83\u68ee\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1a\u5bf9\u6c11\u65cf\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u300b\uff0c\u5434\u6d2a\u82f1\u3001\u9ec4\u7fa4\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u6c11\u65cf\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2009\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c24\u201425\u3001139\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>6<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u7ae5\u81ea\u89c9\uff1a\u300a\u897f\u6b27\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6559\u6743\u4e0e\u541b\u6743\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5e38\u5fb7\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248\uff092003\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c46\u201460\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>7<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u6307\u7684\u662f\u82f1\u56fd14\u4e16\u7eaa\u9650\u5236\u5916\u56fd\u3001\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6559\u5ef7\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\u5e72\u9884\u82f1\u56fd\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c1353\u5e74\u5df2\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c1392\u5e74\u7406\u67e5\u4e8c\u4e16\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u786e\u7acb\u4e86 <em>praemunire<\/em> \u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u7981\u6b62\u81e3\u6c11\u5c06\u672c\u5e94\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u738b\u5ba4\u6cd5\u9662\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u63d0\u4ea4\u5916\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u5ef7\uff0c\u6216\u63a5\u53d7\u5916\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\uff1b\u8fdd\u8005\u53ef\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u8d22\u4ea7\u53ca\u738b\u5ba4\u4fdd\u62a4\u5e76\u53d7\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u5211\u7f5a\u3002\u5b83\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u738b\u6743\u5bf9\u5883\u5185\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\u7684\u7ef4\u62a4\u3002\u53c2\u89c1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statute_of_Praemunire\">Statute of Praemunire &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>8<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u6307\u7684\u662f\u82f1\u56fd14\u4e16\u7eaa\u9650\u5236\u6559\u7687\u5e72\u9884\u672c\u56fd\u6559\u4f1a\u804c\u4f4d\u4efb\u547d\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4ee51351\u5e74\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u4e09\u4e16\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u6cd5\u6848\u53cd\u5bf9\u6559\u7687\u901a\u8fc7 <em>papal provision<\/em> \u8d8a\u8fc7\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u53ca\u5730\u65b9\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u65e2\u6709\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u5b9a\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u4f1a\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u4eba\u9009\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u7ef4\u62a4\u738b\u6743\u53ca\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u4f1a\u5728\u5723\u804c\u6388\u4e88\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u53c2\u89c1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statute_of_Provisors\">Statute of Provisors &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>9<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u963f\u7ef4\u5c3c\u7fc1\u6559\u5ef7\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\uff1a<em>Papae Avenionenses<\/em>\uff1b\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8bed\uff1a<em>Cattivit\u00e0 avignonese<\/em>\uff1b1309\u5e74\uff0d1378\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u963f\u7ef4\u5c3c\u7fc1\u4e4b\u56da\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u5723\u5ea7\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u6cd5\u56fd\u963f\u7ef4\u5c3c\u7fc1\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u963f\u7ef4\u5c3c\u7fc1\u662f\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u8f96\u4e0b\u963f\u5c14\u52d2\u738b\u56fd\u9886\u571f\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u671f\u95f4\u4e03\u4efb\u6559\u5b97\u548c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u67a2\u673a\u5747\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u5b83\u53c8\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u7684\u88ab\u63b3\u671f\u95f4\u201d\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4eba\u4e8e\u524d598\u5e74\u53ca\u524d587\u5e74\u88ab\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u4eba\u5f81\u670d\u7684\u5178\u6545\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u4ece\u6559\u5b97\u514b\u83b1\u5b5f\u4e94\u4e16\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5386\u65f669\u5e74\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u7531\u6559\u5b97\u989d\u6211\u7565\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u4e3b\u52a8\u8fc1\u56de\u7f57\u9a6c\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u963f\u7ef4\u5c3c\u7fc1\u6559\u5ef7\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u901d\u4e16\u540e\u4e00\u5e74\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u963f\u7ef4\u5c3c\u7fc1\u5206\u88c2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E8%BE%B2%E6%95%99%E5%BB%B7\">\u963f\u7ef4\u5c3c\u7fc1\u6559\u5ef7 &#8211; \u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>10<\/strong>] &nbsp;1438\u5e747\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u67e5\u7406\u4e03\u4e16\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u300a\u5e03\u5c14\u65e5\u56fd\u4e8b\u8bcf\u4e66\u300b\uff08<em>Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges<\/em>\uff09\u3002\u8be5\u8bcf\u4e66\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6bcf\u5341\u5e74\u53ec\u5f00\u4e00\u6b21\u62e5\u6709\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6559\u7687\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u5927\u516c\u4f1a\u8bae\uff1b\u6559\u4f1a\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u4e3e\u800c\u975e\u4efb\u547d\uff1b\u7981\u6b62\u6559\u7687\u6388\u4e88\u5723\u804c\u4ff8\u7984\u5e76\u4ece\u4e2d\u725f\u5229\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u7981\u6b62\u8ddd\u79bb\u7f57\u9a6c\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e24\u65e5\u8def\u7a0b\u7684\u5730\u533a\u5411\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u5ef7\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0a\u8bc9\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8be5\u8bcf\u4e66\u8fd8\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u6574\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u793e\u533a\u5747\u6709\u7f6a\u8d23\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4e0d\u5f97\u5bf9\u8be5\u5e02\u5b9e\u65bd\u201c\u7981\u6b62\u5723\u4e8b\u201d\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\uff08<em>interdict<\/em>\uff09\u3002\u56fd\u738b\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u5927\u516c\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u672a\u652f\u6301\u8be5\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bd5\u56fe\u80c1\u8feb\u6559\u7687\u5c24\u91d1\u56db\u4e16\u7684\u4e3e\u52a8\u3002\u53c2\u89c1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_Bourges\">Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>11<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4ea6\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8d8b\u52bf\u30021482\u5e74\uff0c\u8d39\u8fea\u5357\u4e8c\u4e16\u4e0e\u4f0a\u838e\u8d1d\u62c9\u4e00\u4e16\u5c31\u6606\u5361\u4e3b\u6559\u4efb\u547d\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u6559\u7687\u897f\u65af\u7b03\u56db\u4e16\u53d1\u751f\u6fc0\u70c8\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u541b\u4e3b\u8981\u6c42\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6559\u804c\u5e94\u7531\u738b\u5ba4\u63a8\u8350\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8feb\u4f7f\u6559\u5ef7\u5728\u4e3b\u6559\u4efb\u547d\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u4f5c\u51fa\u8ba9\u6b65\u30021486\u5e74\uff0c\u6559\u7687\u82f1\u8bfa\u68ee\u516b\u4e16\u53c8\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u786e\u8ba4\u4e86\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u541b\u4e3b\u5bf9\u683c\u62c9\u7eb3\u8fbe\u7b49\u65b0\u5f81\u670d\u5730\u533a\u6559\u4f1a\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u4fdd\u6559\u6743\uff08<em>patronato<\/em>\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>12<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u300a\u5965\u683c\u65af\u5821\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u5168\u79f0\u300a\u5965\u683c\u65af\u5821\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ca\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\uff08\u5fb7\u8bed\uff1a<em>Augsburger Reichs- und Religionsfrieden<\/em>\uff0c\u53c8\u8bd1\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u5821\u548c\u7ea6\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u67e5\u7406\u4e94\u4e16\u4e0e\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u65b0\u6559\u8bf8\u4faf\u5728\u5965\u683c\u65af\u5821\u5e1d\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7684\u548c\u7ea6\uff0c\u4e8e1555\u5e749\u670825\u65e5\u7b7e\u8ba2\u3002\u8be5\u548c\u7ea6\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u6559\u968f\u541b\u5b9a\u201d\uff08\u6216\u8bd1\u201c\u6559\u968f\u56fd\u7acb\u201d\uff09\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5728\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7224\u4e2a\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u91cc\uff0c\u8be5\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u7684\u541b\u738b\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4ec0\u4e48\u6559\u6d3e\uff0c\u81e3\u6c11\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u8ffd\u968f\u541b\u738b\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u6b64\u539f\u5219\u4f7f\u5185\u6218\uff08\u65bd\u9a6c\u5c14\u5361\u5c14\u767b\u6218\u4e89\uff09\u6682\u505c\u3002\u6b64\u548c\u7ea6\u4ea6\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6839\u636e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6b63\u5f0f\u5141\u8bb8\u65b0\u6559\u4fe1\u4e49\u5b97\u548c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e24\u6d3e\u5171\u5b58\u4e8e\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%A5%A7%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%92%8C%E7%B4%84\">\u5965\u683c\u65af\u5821\u548c\u7ea6 &#8211; \u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>13<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u201c<em>Cuius regio, eius religio<\/em>\u201d\uff08\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u53e5\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u77ed\u8bed\uff0c\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u8c01\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\uff0c\u8c01\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u6307\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u51b3\u5b9a\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cd5\u5f8b\u539f\u5219\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u4e2d\u96c6\u4f53\uff08\u800c\u975e\u4e2a\u4eba\uff09\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5b97\u6559\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u5bbd\u5bb9\u6001\u5ea6\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u90fd\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u591a\u6837\u6027\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\/\u6216\u8005\u4f1a\u524a\u5f31\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u5c24\u5176\u4f1a\u524a\u5f31\u6559\u4f1a\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u76d1\u7763\u3002\u201c<em>Cuius regio<\/em>\u201d\u539f\u5219\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cbb\u56fd\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0e\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5fb7\u8bed\u533a\u6b63\u5728\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u591a\u5143\u5316\uff08\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u9886\u571f\u5185\u5171\u5b58\uff09\u8d8b\u52bf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u59a5\u534f\u3002\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u4fe1\u5f92\u6309\u7c7b\u522b\u8fc1\u79fb\u81f3\u7f57\u9a6c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u548c\u8def\u5fb7\u6559\u4e24\u5927\u5b97\u6559\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u5c06\u5176\u4ed6\u6559\u6d3e\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\u3002\u57281555\u5e74\u7684\u5965\u683c\u65af\u5821\u548c\u7ea6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u7f57\u9a6c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u548c\u65b0\u6559\u52bf\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5fb7\u8bed\u90a6\u56fd\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u548c\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u67e5\u7406\u4e94\u4e16\u540c\u610f\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e00\u539f\u5219\u3002\u53c2\u89c1 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio\">Cuius regio, eius religio &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>14<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u8428\u62dc\u56e0\uff1a\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8bf4\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u9093\u6b63\u6765\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2008\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c389\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>15<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\uff1a\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u5434\u5bff\u5f6d\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861965\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff0c1281a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>16<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u897f\u585e\u7f57\uff1a\u300a\u8bba\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u300b\uff0c\u738b\u7115\u751f\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\uff0c\u7b2c44\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>17<\/strong>] &nbsp;\uc2e0\ucca0\ud76c. \uace0\ub300 \ub85c\ub9c8 \uc2dc\uae30 \u2018\ud3ec\ud480\ub8e8\uc2a4\u2019(populus)\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc758\ubbf8[J]. \ud55c\uad6d\uc815\uce58\uc5f0\uad6c, 2015, 24(2): 289-310.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>18<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u897f\u585e\u7f57\uff1a\u300a\u8bba\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u300b\uff0c\u738b\u7115\u751f\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\uff0c\u7b2c25\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>19<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u201c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u662f res publica\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f&#8221;\u516c\u5171\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a&#8221;\u3002publicus(\u516c\u5171\u7684\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u5219\u6e90\u81eapopulus\uff08\u4eba\u6c11\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>20<\/strong>] &nbsp;<em>Ius<\/em> \u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\uff08<em>lex<\/em>\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u6743\u5229\u3001\u6cd5\u6743\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u2014\u6743\u5229\u79e9\u5e8f\uff1b\u5176\u73b0\u4ee3\u5fb7\u8bed\u5bf9\u5e94\u8bcd\u5927\u81f4\u4e3a <em>Recht<\/em>\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u5219\u6839\u636e\u8bed\u5883\u8bd1\u4e3a <em>law<\/em>\u3001<em>right<\/em> \u6216 <em>juridical order<\/em>\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u5904\uff0c\u897f\u585e\u7f57\u4f7f\u7528 <em>iuris consensus<\/em>\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u5e76\u975e\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u5177\u4f53\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u670d\u4ece\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5171\u540c\u6cd5\u6743\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u627f\u8ba4\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684 <em>ius<\/em> \u66f4\u9002\u5408\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5171\u540c\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u6743\u79e9\u5e8f\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6cd5\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u201d\u3002\u897f\u585e\u7f57\u6b63\u662f\u4ee5\u6b64\u5c06 <em>populus<\/em> \u4e0e\u5355\u7eaf\u805a\u96c6\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\uff08<em>coetus hominum<\/em>\uff09\u533a\u522b\u5f00\u6765\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u5e76\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6cd5\u6743\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e0e\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>21<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/civitas#1\">Civitas |\u8d77\u6e90\u3001\u6cbb\u7406\u4e0e\u8870\u843d |\u5927\u82f1\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>22<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E8%80%85%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(%E5%89%8D91%E8%87%B3%E5%89%8D88%E5%B9%B4)\">\u540c\u76df\u8005\u6218\u4e89 (\u524d91\u81f3\u524d88\u5e74) &#8211; \u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66<\/a>\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u82f1\u6587Wiki\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u5168\uff0c\u82f1\u6587Wiki\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)\">Social War (91\u201387 BC) &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>23<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lex_Julia\">Lex Julia &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>24<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitutio_Antoniniana\">Constitutio Antoniniana &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>25<\/strong>] &nbsp;Myles Lavan, \u201cThe Spread of Roman Citizenship, 14\u2013212 CE,\u201d in <em>The Cambridge Companion to Roman Law?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>26<\/strong>] &nbsp;MOURITSEN H. <em>&#8216;Plebs&#8217; and Politics in the Late Roman Republic<\/em>[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. p.16<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>27<\/strong>] &nbsp;MOURITSEN H. <em>&#8216;Plebs&#8217; and Politics in the Late Roman Republic<\/em>[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. p.32<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>28<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman_Republic#Constitutional_system\">Roman Republic &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>28a<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u738b\u56fd\u548c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6444\u653f\u5b98\uff08interrex\uff0c\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u4e2d\u95f4\u4eba\u201d\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u884c\u653f\u957f\u5b98\u3002\u6700\u521d\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u662f\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u56fd\u738b\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\u4efb\u547d\u7684\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5176\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f97\u540d\u2014\u2014\u201c\u4e24\u738b\u4e4b\u95f4\u201d\uff08\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\uff1ainter reges\uff09\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5f53\u4e24\u4f4d\u6267\u653f\u5b98\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c65\u884c\u804c\u8d23\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e3e\u884c\u9009\u4e3e\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u804c\u4f4d\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u7559\u3002\u4e2d\u95f4\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u4efb\u671f\u4ec5\u4e3a\u4e94\u5929\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7ecf\u5e38\u6709\u591a\u4f4d\u4e2d\u95f4\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u8fde\u4efb\uff0c\u516c\u5143\u524d326\u5e74\u66fe\u670915\u4f4d\u4e2d\u95f4\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5168\u90e8\u4ece\u8d35\u65cf\u5143\u8001\u9662\u8bae\u5458\u4e2d\u9009\u51fa\u3002\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u524d\u671f\u7684<strong>\u7b49\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89<\/strong>\uff08<em>Conflict of the Orders<\/em>\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u5b66\u754c\u4ea6\u6709\u65e7\u8bd1\u4f5c\u201c\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3a\u51c6\u786e\u5bf9\u5e94\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684 <em>ordo<\/em> \u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u91c7\u7528\u2018\u7b49\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u2019\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c4\u8303\u8bd1\u6cd5\uff09\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4efb\u547d interrex \u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u963b\u6b62\u5e73\u6c11\u83b7\u5f97\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u6216\u63a8\u52a8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>28b<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u4fdd\u6c11\u5b98\uff08\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\uff1a<em>tribunus plebis<\/em>\uff09\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5411\u5e73\u6c11\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u5b98\u804c\uff0c\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5236\u8861\u7f57\u9a6c\u5143\u8001\u9662\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fdd\u6c11\u5b98\u6709\u6743\u53ec\u96c6\u5e76\u4e3b\u6301\u5e73\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\uff08<em>Concilium Plebis<\/em>\uff09\uff1b\u53ec\u96c6\u5143\u8001\u9662\uff1b\u63d0\u51fa\u7acb\u6cd5\uff1b\u5e76\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u4ee3\u8868\u5e73\u6c11\u53d1\u58f0\uff1b\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6743\u529b\u662f\u884c\u4f7f\u5426\u51b3\u6743\uff08<em>intercessio<\/em>\uff09\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u5e73\u6c11\u7684\u6743\u76ca\uff0c\u5373\u5426\u51b3\u6267\u653f\u5b98\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4fdd\u62a4\u5e73\u6c11\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u6709\u89c2\u70b9\u751a\u81f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4fdd\u6c11\u5b98\u6709\u6743\u5426\u51b3\u72ec\u88c1\u5b98\uff08dict\u0101tor\uff09\u548c\u6444\u653f\u5b98\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u5e73\u6c11\u4fdd\u6c11\u5b98\u901a\u5e38\u5750\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e7f\u573a\u4e0a\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e13\u95e8\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u957f\u51f3\u4e0a\u3002\u4fdd\u6c11\u5b98\u4eab\u6709\u795e\u5723\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u5176\u4eba\u8eab\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u90fd\u5c06\u5904\u4ee5\u6b7b\u5211\u3002\u5728\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4fdd\u6c11\u5b98\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff08<em>tribunicia potestas<\/em>\uff09\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u5730\u6388\u4e88\u4e86\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u4fdd\u6c11\u5b98\u8fd9\u4e00\u804c\u4f4d\u672c\u8eab\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u548c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u804c\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>29<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u53c2\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Augustus\">Augustus &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>30<\/strong>] &nbsp;F.H.Hinsley,Sovereignty,pp.37-49;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>31<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u674e\u661f\uff1a\u300a\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u6cbb\u6743\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e3b\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5f02\u540c\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6cd5\u5b66\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b2019\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>32<\/strong>] &nbsp;<em>Digest<\/em> 1.4.1 (Ulpian)\uff0c\u4e2d\u8bd1\u6587\u53c2\u89c1\u6851\u5fb7\u7f57\u00b7\u65af\u5947\u5df4\u5c3c\u9009\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u6cd5\u5927\u5168\u9009\u8bd1\u00b7\u516c\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u5f20\u793c\u6d2a\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1999\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c6\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>33<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u8ba9\u00b7\u535a\u4e39\uff1a\u300a\u4e3b\u6743\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u6731\u5229\u5b89\u00b7H.\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u7f16\uff0c\u674e\u536b\u6d77\u3001\u94b1\u4fca\u6587\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2008\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c25\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>34<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c25\u9875\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c<em>R\u00e9publique<\/em>\u6307\u7684\u662f\u201c\u8bb8\u591a\u5bb6\u5ead\u53ca\u5176\u516c\u6709\u7269\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u5e9c\u62e5\u6709\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u201d\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u535a\u4e39\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u201c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u540e\u6765\u7684\u201c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u663e\u8457\u533a\u522b\uff1a\u524d\u8005\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5305\u62ec\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u3001\u8d35\u65cf\u5236\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5728\u5185\u7684\u201c\u516c\u5171\u653f\u4f53\u201d\uff08commonwealth\uff09\uff1b\u540e\u8005\u5219\u4e13\u6307\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743\u4e0b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u653f\u4f53\uff08republic\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>35<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c49\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>36<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e66\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c175\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>37<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e66\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c176\u9875\u3002\u535a\u4e39\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5f53\u8bd5\u56fe\u6210\u4e3a\u50ed\u4e3b\u7684\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\u201c\u7fbd\u7ffc\u672a\u4e30\u6216\u672a\u5360\u636e\u5f3a\u52bf\u65f6\uff0c\u68ad\u4f26\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e94\u5f97\u4ee5\u9002\u7528\u201d\uff08\u5373\u4f18\u5148\u901a\u8fc7\u53f8\u6cd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff09\uff1b\u5f53\u6709\u4eba\u201c\u5df2\u516c\u5f00\u5ba3\u79f0\u4ed6\u662f\u50ed\u4e3b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4ed6\u5df2\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u6b66\u88c5\u548c\u4fee\u7b51\u4e86\u575a\u56fa\u5821\u5792\u65f6\uff0c\u74e6\u83b1\u91cc\u5b89\u6cd5\u5c31\u5e94\u9002\u7528\u201d\uff08\u5373\u53ef\u76f4\u63a5\u8bc9\u8bf8\u66b4\u529b\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u535a\u4e39\u5e76\u975e\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u652f\u6301\u66b4\u529b\u5f11\u50ed\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6839\u636e\u60c5\u52bf\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9014\u5f84\u4e0e\u66b4\u529b\u9014\u5f84\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>38<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u5bfc\u8bba\uff0c\u7b2c43\u201344\u9875\uff08\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u6240\u64b0\u5bfc\u8bba\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>39<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c48\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>40<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c47\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>41<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u72ec\u88c1\u5b98\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u751f\u9a9a\u4e71\u6216\u5371\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u7279\u6743\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u536b\u81ea\u5df1\u800c\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5236\u8861\u4f53\u5236\u3002\u5143\u8001\u9662\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ba3\u5e03\u7d27\u6025\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u63d0\u540d\u4e24\u4f4d\u6267\u653f\u5b98\u4e4b\u4e00\u4e3a\u72ec\u88c1\u5b98\u3002\u72ec\u88c1\u5b98\u5927\u591a\u6765\u81ea\u4e0a\u5c42\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u5374\u7f55\u6709\u6ee5\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u804c\u6743\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c\u72ec\u88c1\u5b98\u662f\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u5371\u96be\u65f6\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u53d7\u592a\u5927\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u548c\u8d22\u4ea7\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u53d6\u5f97\u5143\u8001\u9662\u540c\u610f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u52a8\u7528\u516c\u5171\u57fa\u91d1\uff0c\u5176\u4efb\u671f\u4ec56\u4e2a\u6708\u62161\u5e74\u3002\u72ec\u88c1\u5b98\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5baa\u5236\u4e2d\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u5b98\u804c\u3002\u5728\u72ec\u88c1\u5b98\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u6027\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u57ce\u5185\u4e3b\u6743\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u6cbb\u6743\u7684\u533a\u5206\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u57ce\u5185\u6cbb\u6743\u6240\u7279\u6709\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u5bf9\u5e02\u6c11\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u4e2d\u6b62\u4e86\uff0c\u62a4\u6c11\u5b98\u7684\u5426\u51b3\u6743\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u72ec\u88c1\u5b98\u4e5f\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6548\u529b\u3002\u6240\u6709\u72ec\u88c1\u5b98\u7686\u9075\u5b88\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8f9b\u8f9b\u7eb3\u56fe\u65af\uff08Cincinnatus\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u5178\u8303\uff0c\u5e76\u53d7\u7740\u5176\u540e\u5386\u5c4a\u72ec\u88c1\u5b98\u7684\u63a8\u5d07\u3002\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u4f4d\u662f\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u82cf\u62c9\uff08Sulla\uff09\u4e0e\u51ef\u6492\uff08Caesar\uff09\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u72ec\u88c1\u5b98\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u201c\u5171\u548c\u5236\u201d\u7684\u8870\u4ea1\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u859b\u6ce2\u4e3b\u7f16\u300a\u5143\u7167\u82f1\u7f8e\u6cd5\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c413\u9875\u6709\u5173<em>dictator<\/em>\u7684\u8bcd\u76ee\u89e3\u91ca\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\uff3b\u7f8e\uff3d\u5a01\u5c14\u00b7\u675c\u5170\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u6587\u660e\u53f2\u300b\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377\u300a\u51ef\u6492\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u300b\uff0c\u4e1c\u65b9\u51fa\u7248\u793e1998\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c27\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>42<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u535a\u4e39\uff1a\u300a\u4e3b\u6743\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u524d\u5f15\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c28\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>43<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c32\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>44<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c29\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>45<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c92\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>46<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u5bfc\u8bba\uff0c\u7b2c36\u201337\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>47<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u5bfc\u8bba\uff0c\u7b2c36\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>48<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c93\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>49<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c94\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>50<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c95\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>51<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c95\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>52<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c96\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>53<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c99\u2013100\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>54<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c100\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>55<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c102\u2013104\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>56<\/strong>] &nbsp;\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c104\u2013105\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>57<\/strong>] 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-118","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-thoughts-notes","category-uncategorized-article"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=118"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":120,"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118\/revisions\/120"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=118"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=118"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lucianism.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}